The emergence of the English Parliament

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1. The Magna Carta and the emergence of the English Parliament King John, as a result of the unsuccessful war for England with Philip II August, lost in France most of the patrimonial possessions of the Plantagenets. Therefore, contemporaries called John a derogatory nickname Landless. Military defeat, the constant extortion of “shield money” caused the subjects genuine hatred for the king. The situation was aggravated by […]...
2. George Gordon Byron in the English Parliament In the first half of the XIX century. England was shaken by the waves of a powerful Luddite movement, uniting in its ranks artisans, desperately crushed new machines, with the appearance of which they were deprived of work or a significant part of their wages. The government of England, which took care exclusively about the […]...
3. “Magna Carta”. King John the Landless Henry II left his heirs strong royal power. But right after his death they faced serious challenges. The war with France, England, in the end, lost. The scapegoats for this and other setbacks were made by the barons of John the Landless, the youngest son of Henry II. This king, as luck would have, quarreled […]...
4. English Society XIV-XV centuries In English society, there have been some changes. There was an increasing interest in trade, especially overseas, so shipbuilding flourished. Most of the nobles no longer considered entrepreneurship something shameful, they learned how to manage the economy in a new way and increasingly became like the bourgeoisie of cities. But there were also “old” noblemen […]...
5. The Nobility The appearance of medieval cities complicated the structure of society. In it new groups of the population appeared: craftsmen, merchants, Intellectuals, etc. Gradually the urban estate was formed, which had special rights and duties and played an increasing role in public life. In the XIV-XV centuries. chivalry replaced the nobility. He belonged to the highest […]...
6. Estate monarchy In the XII century. the royal power appreciably strengthened. There were several reasons for such changes. The need for a strong royal power was felt by the petty and average feudal lords, who sought protection from power seniors. In addition, the feudal lords sought to increase profits. However, direct pressure on the peasants could lead […]...
7. The emergence of medieval towns In the X-XI centuries. there is a revival of old and the emergence of new urban centers. This was predetermined by important economic processes, primarily the development of agriculture. During this period, the Bipolis spread, the production of grain and industrial crops increased, gardening, viticulture, gardening, livestock breeding developed. Surpluses of agricultural production peasants have […]...
8. Strengthening of royal power in Europe Feudal disunity in Europe could not last forever because it quickly fed everyone. The unending feuds between the great feudal lords, with shaky royalty, cost the society dearly, because they were waged by the devastation and blood. Tired of them all – and the small and medium feudal lords, townspeople, and peasants. Many were convinced […]...
9. The main events, information and facts on the topic “Europe, Byzantium, the Arab World” in the tables A country Prominent figures Developments Byzantine Empire 1) Justinian and Theodora 2) Leo III Isaurus 3) The Macedonian dynasty 4) Vasily II The Bulgarian 5) the Comnen dynasty 6) the Paleologic dynasty 1) the code of Justinian The uprising of “Nika” Church of St. Sophia 2) iconoclasm 3) “Golden Age” of the empire; The flowering […]...
10. First Plantagenets. Henry II. Richard the Lionheart William the Conqueror made England a powerful state. But it became more powerful under the dynasty Plantagenet. With the death in 1135 of King Henry I, the youngest son of William the Conqueror, the Norman dynasty ended. A fierce struggle for power broke out in England. Barons no longer obeyed the king, built their own […]...
11. The first states of the Western Slavs. The emergence of the Slavic script Western Slavs – Czechs, Poles, Slovaks – come from the Slavic tribes who settled north of the Danube to the Baltic and Elbe. The Slavic community of the Balkan Peninsula became the basis for the formation of the southern Slavs: Bulgarians, Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, etc. The first state of the Western Slavs was formed to […]...
12. The Norman Conquest of England In the middle of the XI century. England attracted the attention of the Duchy of Normandy, formed on the territory of France. It was inhabited mainly by the Normans. They during their residence have turned from robbers-pagans to robbers-Christians – knights. In 1066, the Norman Duke William the Conqueror led a 15,000-strong force of Norman […]...
13. The desire of the city of Laon to independence A unique example of the irresistible desire of the city for independence is the history described in the chronicle of the abbot Guyiber Nogansky. It is about the struggle for self-government of the inhabitants of the northern French city of Laon – the property of Bishop Godry, famous for his stinginess and ruthlessness. In 1108, […]...
14. The Board of the First Plantagenets In 1154 the king of England became the great-grandson of William the Conqueror Count of Anjou Henry II Plantagenet. He became the founder of the Plantagenet dynasty. Henry II owned considerable territories in France, which, with its ascent, the patron were annexed to England. It is clear that such a huge state was not easy […]...
15. The emergence of Scandinavian states in the Middle Ages The basis of the economic and political life of Scandinavia in the days of the Vikings were free people Bond. They had their own farm, they used the right to carry arms and appeal to the courts. They were farmers, cattlemen, hunters and fishermen. All of them were considered equal, but often their rights depended […]...
16. Three classes: the clergy, chivalry and the peasantry. Who worked for whom in the Middle Ages? In the idea of ​​a medieval man, a properly organized society consists of three Estates – the clergy, chivalry and peasantry. XI century. From the work of Bishop Adalberon Lansky The community of believers is a single body, but the state consists of three bodies, because another law, human, distinguishes two great estates… One class […]...
17. Complication of the social structure in the Middle Ages Over time, society developed, an increasingly prominent role in medieval life begins to play cities and, accordingly, artisans and merchants, who in the scheme of the medieval classes did not find a place. Subsequently, the townspeople were ranked in the third estate, the skeleton of which nevertheless was the peasantry. In the life of the […]...
18. Burgerry in medieval Europe The townspeople were divided into burghers and non-burghers. By Burghers from the XI-XIII centuries. called full-fledged townspeople who elected and could be elected to the organs of city government. Only one who had a mansion or a workshop in the city became a Burgess. All other townspeople belonged to the non-burghers: servants of burghers, apprentices, […]...
19. The emergence of medieval Europe. Roman and barbarian worlds in the middle of the first millennium Medieval Europe arose on the ruins of the Roman Empire not immediately, but for several centuries. It was formed as a result of the invasion of barbarian tribes, and above all Germanic tribes. These invasions completed the long process of unification of the Roman and barbarian worlds. How could these unlinky worlds come together, which […]...
20. War of the Roses and the White Rose. The Civil War of 1455-1485 Of course, it was not the flowers that caused the terrible bloodshed in England at the end of the Middle Ages. In the Civil War of 1455-1485. The country was involved in two influential noble families – York and Lancaster. The coat of arms of York was adorned with a white rose, the coat of […]...
21. Strengthening of royal power in medieval France In 987, after the death of King Louis V of Lazy, the rule of the Carolingian dynasty ceased. The rulers of the duchies and counties elected a new king. He became a representative of the genus Robertinov – Count Hugo Capet. He was nicknamed the monastic hood, which was worn as a secular abbot of […]...
22. Charles Dickens – a great English realist artist and Victorian moral preacher Charles Dickens is a great writer, the creator of the English realistic novel of modern times. The creative heritage of Dickens is rightfully considered an artistic symbol of the life of England during the Victorian period. In realistic novels created by the writer, Victorian England recognized itself in all its unattractive beauty. As a realistic […]...
23. Philip IV the Beautiful. “The Iron King” Especially strengthened royal power in France under Philip IV the Beautiful. Favorably married, he took possession of the region of Champagne and the kingdom of Navarre beyond the Pyrenees, and then subdued to himself and the rich Flanders. However, the cities of Flanders soon rebelled and completely defeated in the so-called “Battle of Spurs” select […]...
24. Roger Bacon and the emergence of experienced knowledge in the Middle Ages Scholastic approach to the knowledge of the surrounding world was not shared by all medieval scientists. After all, scholasticism called for believing authorities and learning the world through the book. Since the XIII century, there has been a deep interest in the study of nature and its phenomena. One of the first to insist on […]...
25. English traditions The English are famous for their ancient customs and traditions. Some traditional British dishes, holidays and sports are known all over the world. The tradition of a hearty breakfast has existed since the XVIII century. A full English breakfast became very popular after the First World War, at that time it was served in hotels […]...
26. The reign of Philip IV the Beautiful The royal power was strengthened under Philip IV the Beautiful. He sought to expand his domain. The first marriage of Philip IV was married to Jeanne, the Queen of Navarre and the Countess de Champagne, thus joining these territories to France. The main purpose of Philip was to capture Geei and Gascony, still owned by […]...
27. Poland in the Middle Ages The Poles formed their state in the late 10th century. The first reliable Polish prince Mieszko I married a Czech princess Dubravka. He himself became a Catholic and turned all the Poles into Catholicism. His son Boleslaw I the Brave defeated the Germans who encroached on the Polish lands, and tried to capture the Old […]...
28. Knight-monastic orders Crusaders with great difficulty succeeded in retaining power over the conquered population. The weakness of the positions of the Crusaders in the East prompted the papacy to create there knights-monastic orders. The knights entering them gave three monastic vows: poverty, obedience and celibacy. Their main task was to fight against the enemies of Christianity. To […]...
29. English writing in my life It’s no secret that at present English is the most popular and widespread language in the world. There are many reasons for this. Firstly, it is the language of English literature and Shakespeare. Secondly, it has become really important in such areas as tourism, business, medicine, education, information technology, jurisprudence, etc. Thirdly, the English language […]...
30. Society of Byzantium The Byzantine society consisted of aristocrats, officials, clergy, merchants, intellectuals, artisans, peasants and slaves. Vassal relations in it did not work out. Aristocrats lived at the expense of their estates, they despised craft and trade. Officials lived on state salaries, but more at the expense of bribes and robbery of the state. They climbed the […]...
31. Strengthening of royal power in France In the X century. the western part of the former empire of Charlemagne was already called, not by Gaul, but by France. But France was not a centralized state at that time. In the IX-X centuries. it was the first in Western Europe to split into a number of independent possessions – the duchies of […]...
32. France in the flames of uprisings England demanded a colossal ransom for King John II of Good. The General States were called, as was to be the case, so that they agreed to collect the redemption amount. But the General States this time showed a character – demanded that the collection of taxes be carried out under their control and that […]...
33. The struggle of cities for self-government. Communal movement Since medieval cities were formed on the land of secular and spiritual feudal lords, they accordingly submitted to them. The feudal lords were interested in this, because the craft and trade gave a lot of income. However, the desire of the feudal lords to pull out of the city as much money as possible aroused […]...
34. England in the XIV-XV centuries. The War of the Roses and the White Roses In 1348, the English people experienced an epidemic of plague – “black death”, which claimed almost a third of the country’s population. Feudal lords, rich merchants and craftsmen faced the problem of shortage of workers and preservation of old wages. To satisfy their interests, royal power in the second half of the XIV century. issued […]...
35. Germany in the 14th-15th centuries Germany XIV-XV centuries. was distinguished by rapid development of cities, crafts and trade. This was facilitated by the favorable location of the country – at the crossroads of international trade routes. At the beginning of the XIV century. in Germany there were about 3500 cities. However, the development of the economy was significantly hampered by […]...
36. Help with English There is a good expression “how many languages ​​you know, so many times you are a person”. I think that this is indeed so. I also think that people should learn as many foreign languages ​​as possible, as this expands their prospects. Moreover, the knowledge of several foreign languages, increases the number of opportunities in […]...
37. The beginning of the Hundred Years War After the death of Philip IV the Beautiful, the French throne belonged to three of his sons for 15 years. However, none of them left their heirs, and in 1328 the rule of the Capetian dynasty ceased. On the throne, the representative of her younger branch, Philip VI Valois, ascended. The British King Edward III […]...
38. The Hundred Years War of 1337-1453 After the death of Philip IV, three of his sons died one after the other under mysterious circumstances. The grandees proclaimed King Philip VI Long – a representative of the genus Valois. He wrote in 1328 the royal dynasty of Valois, which existed in France until 1589. However, the new dynasty was not lucky. Philip […]...
39. Germany at the end of the Middle Ages. The German Empire of the 14th-15th centuries The dynasty of the Habsburgs did not remain in power for long. At the beginning of the XIV century. the feudal lords elected King Henry VII of Luxembourg. He founded the Luxembourg dynasty, which persistently tried to conquer Italy, quarreled with the popes. All this, in the end, fed up with the princes. To the […]...
40. Life and leisure of citizens in medieval Europe. Burgers In the life of the urban lower classes, the features of peasant life and customs were preserved. Another thing – the life of rich burghers. The burghers increasingly preferred comfort and luxury, but did not show them off. Their houses they furnished with solid furniture. The life of a rich burgher hardly differed from the […]...