Rajputs

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1. Caste system in medieval India Even the oldest Indians were divided into four Varna: brahmanas, kshatriyas, vaisyas and sudras. Everyone was respected depending on which of the varna he belonged to. The one who did not belong to any of the varnas was considered “untouchable” and treated worse than with the cattle. In the Middle Ages, varna began to split […]...
2. Complication of the social structure in the Middle Ages Over time, society developed, an increasingly prominent role in medieval life begins to play cities and, accordingly, artisans and merchants, who in the scheme of the medieval classes did not find a place. Subsequently, the townspeople were ranked in the third estate, the skeleton of which nevertheless was the peasantry. In the life of the […]...
3. How does morality affect our actions and behavior? To understand just how morality affects our actions and behavior, remember or imagine such a situation: the student collective takes part in celebrations on the occasion of the jubilee of the school. Participants of the holiday are students, teachers, parents, and other adults – graduates, employees of enterprises and institutions with which the school cooperates. […]...
4. Knighthood and knights in the Middle Ages Knighthood entered the bright page in the history of medieval European culture. In their epic works, those knights whom God bestowed on the “honey of poetry” sang the boundless devotion of the knight to the beautiful and noble lady, layman to the church, vassal to the seigneur. In the XII century. from ancient Celtic legends […]...
5. Rivalry for the Baltics. Alexander Nevskiy. The Battle of Ice 1242 y The Principalities of North-Eastern Russia tried to gain a foothold in the Baltic region. They founded the city of Yuryev on the estonian lands, took tribute from the Finns and Lithuanians. But the Baltic knights were also looked after by German knights. They built a fortress in Riga at the mouth of the Western Dvina. […]...
6. Chivalry. “Those who are at war” The second dominant estate in medieval Europe was the feudal lords. All feudal lords were considered knights, that is, warriors-horsemen. Element of the knights were wars. When the war was over, the knights, in anticipation of the next, showed their strength and courage in the Tournaments and on the hunt with the falcon. Knights from […]...
7. When and why there was a moral Ethics call the science of morality. In this word the meanings of two foreign words are combined – “ethics” and “morality”. In translation, they denote the same thing: the domain of knowledge, which examines the qualities inherent in the perfect person. The word “ethics” in this sense is known for more than twenty-three centuries! Nevertheless, […]...
8. The Nobility The appearance of medieval cities complicated the structure of society. In it new groups of the population appeared: craftsmen, merchants, Intellectuals, etc. Gradually the urban estate was formed, which had special rights and duties and played an increasing role in public life. In the XIV-XV centuries. chivalry replaced the nobility. He belonged to the highest […]...
9. Composition on the subject of honor What is honor and why was it so valued at all times? People’s wisdom speaks about it: “Take care of your honor from the youth”, it is sung by poets and meditated by philosophers. For her, they died in duels, and, having lost her, they considered life to be finished. In any case, the concept […]...
10. “Letter to the front soldier” composition Hello, soldier of the Russian army! I live under a peaceful sky, I study at school, I have close and close people. All this I have thanks to you! I want to thank you for your courageous deed, because you, sparing no loss in your life, fought for peace in our country, for the fact […]...
11. “Magna Carta”. King John the Landless Henry II left his heirs strong royal power. But right after his death they faced serious challenges. The war with France, England, in the end, lost. The scapegoats for this and other setbacks were made by the barons of John the Landless, the youngest son of Henry II. This king, as luck would have, quarreled […]...
12. Knight-monastic orders Crusaders with great difficulty succeeded in retaining power over the conquered population. The weakness of the positions of the Crusaders in the East prompted the papacy to create there knights-monastic orders. The knights entering them gave three monastic vows: poverty, obedience and celibacy. Their main task was to fight against the enemies of Christianity. To […]...
13. How morality regulates relations between people The influence of morality on the relationship between people can be compared to the old clock on the tower: a pendulum, moved from its place, sets in motion a large wheel that, while slowly rotating, makes the smaller ones move with the arrows attached to them. The pendulum is the prescription of morality, and the […]...
14. What is morality? Morality and the corresponding moral standards are the basis of the civilization and humanity of any society. When morality and moral foundations collapse, society collapses and people degrade, which we can observe in our modern civilization, which is increasingly drowning in vices. Morality is the following of certain Spiritual (moral) Principles: the principles of Honor, […]...
15. France in the flames of uprisings England demanded a colossal ransom for King John II of Good. The General States were called, as was to be the case, so that they agreed to collect the redemption amount. But the General States this time showed a character – demanded that the collection of taxes be carried out under their control and that […]...
16. Secular feudal lords. Knights A place of honor in the medieval theory of the three classes is occupied by “those who are at war”, that is, the secular feudal lords. There was a system of vassalage, a kind of hierarchical feudal ladder. At its top was the king – the richest landowner. He was considered the supreme lord, or […]...
17. How do morality and law relate You already know that the moral norms that work in human society regulate life, the actions of people, oblige them to act so as not to harm others, to be better, kinder and more attentive to each other. There are some among them who say “can not”: steal, tell lies, humiliate and offend other people. […]...
18. “Moral qualities of man” composition The kingdom of peace, good and mutual understanding will come only in a society of highly moral people. The concept of morality includes the rules of conduct, spiritual and spiritual qualities necessary for a person in society, as well as compliance with these rules. The ability to live with other people is determined by morality, […]...
19. The emergence of the English Parliament Henry III did not fulfill the obligations, therefore in 1263 a civil war broke out in England. The army of Simon de Montfort defeated the royal army, captured Henry III and Crown Prince. In the beginning of 1265 Simon de Montfort actually became the dictator of England. To strengthen his power, he convened the Supreme […]...
20. When there was a moral From the lessons of world history it is known that sprouts of spirituality have been characteristic of man since ancient times. Archaeological finds indicate that for a long time people began to take care of each other. Despite the harsh living conditions, they cared for the sick and cared for the children, paid homage to […]...
21. Schools of medieval Europe The first educational institutions of the Middle Ages were monastery, parafial and cathedral schools. However, they usually taught only one teacher, or a master, as his contemporaries called it. He passed the entire course of study with every schoolboy. In schools, students studied “seven free arts.” It was a system of objects, from two levels. […]...
22. Why a person’s life is the greatest value in the modern world For a long history, mankind has endured a myriad of upheavals: wars, natural disasters, famine, diseases, accompanied by deaths of hundreds and thousands of people. The past of the 20th century was especially cruel. Only one event – World War II – took more than 60 million people, more than 90 million became disabled. These […]...
23. What is honor? In the composition there are references to the story of O. Pavlova “Bird cherry grandfather”. Option 1 In my understanding, honor is a whole set of qualities: nobility, loyalty to the word, decency, dignity. These qualities can be born in each of us as a result of communication with an intelligent, decent, admirable person. In […]...
24. What is the “history of the Middle Ages”? Italian scientists back in the XV century. introduced the term “Middle Ages” or “Middle Ages”. They considered the Middle Ages a difficult page in European history, its “dark era.” Like, then, the high achievements of the Greco-Roman civilization were lost – people became uncultured, cruel, destroyed each other in numerous wars, and in their political […]...
25. “Reflections on the War” essay Undoubtedly, this terrible war affected all families in our country. In each of them someone was lost. Not everyone succeeded in burying a loved one according to all the rules. Many were lost without information and relatives did not even know where their relative or comrade was killed. War is the most terrible thing that […]...
26. The Norman Conquest of England In the middle of the XI century. England attracted the attention of the Duchy of Normandy, formed on the territory of France. It was inhabited mainly by the Normans. They during their residence have turned from robbers-pagans to robbers-Christians – knights. In 1066, the Norman Duke William the Conqueror led a 15,000-strong force of Norman […]...
27. Castes and communities in medieval India In ancient times in India there was a division of society into four varnas. These are brahmanas, ksatriyas, vaisyas and sudras. At the beginning of our era in the organization of varnas there are significant changes. Each varna began to be divided into higher and lower castes. The most deprived of the lower caste were […]...
28. Hussite wars The execution of Jan Hus overflowed the cup of people’s patience. Numerous supporters of Jan Hus, the Hussites, rebelled. But among the rebels there was no unity. Some, chasniki, demanded permission to all partake of the cup. Others, Taborites, wanted the impossible at all – to build the Kingdom of God on earth. In this […]...
29. The Hundred Years War of 1337-1453 After the death of Philip IV, three of his sons died one after the other under mysterious circumstances. The grandees proclaimed King Philip VI Long – a representative of the genus Valois. He wrote in 1328 the royal dynasty of Valois, which existed in France until 1589. However, the new dynasty was not lucky. Philip […]...
30. Composition on a moral theme What is morality? On the one hand, this is a very complex philosophical question, requiring serious reflection. And on the other hand, usually we can fairly clearly determine whether a person has acted morally or not. Well, let’s talk about it. If we dig deeply, we will understand that from time immemorial the source of […]...
31. Hinduism is the religion of India In medieval India, Buddhism gave way to a much simpler and more accessible religion – Hinduism. Why did this happen? First of all, because Buddhism denied caste inequality and thus came into conflict with the whole of Indian reality. Hinduism is at the same time a religion and a great many religions. There are hundreds […]...
32. Main events, facts and facts on the topic “India. China” in the tables The states of China in the Middle Ages Sui Dynasty Construction of the Grand Canal; An attempt to unite China. Tang Dynasty Administrative reform; Insurrection of the peasants. The Age of “Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms” Song Dynasty Unification of China; 1234 – the conquest of China by the Mongols Yuan Dynasty Accession of Tibet; […]...
33. Jan Hus and the Hussite Wars At the beginning of the XV century. The struggle of the Czech people against German domination and the Catholic Church was led by Jan Hus. He was born into a peasant family in the town of Gusintsy in the south of the Czech Republic. After graduating from Prague University, he received a master’s degree and […]...
34. Heroic epos and knightly culture of the Middle Ages At the end of the early Middle Ages, the first records of the heroic epic appear, which previously existed only in oral recounts. Heroes of folk tales were mostly warriors who bravely defended their land and people. In these works, two worlds interwoven: real and fairy. Heroes often won with the help of magic powers. […]...
35. “Mother Courage and Her Children” Brecht in brief summary 1 Spring 1624. The army of the Swedish king gathers soldiers to march on Poland. Feldwebel and the recruiter recognize only war as the founder of public order and civilization. Where there is no war, what kind of morality is there: everyone wanders wherever he wants, says what he wants, eats what he wants – […]...
36. Three classes: the clergy, chivalry and the peasantry. Who worked for whom in the Middle Ages? In the idea of ​​a medieval man, a properly organized society consists of three Estates – the clergy, chivalry and peasantry. XI century. From the work of Bishop Adalberon Lansky The community of believers is a single body, but the state consists of three bodies, because another law, human, distinguishes two great estates… One class […]...
37. Summary of Mom Courage and Her Children Bertolt Brecht Mamas Courage and her children 1 Spring 1624 The army of the Swedish king gathers soldiers to march on Poland. Feldwebel and the recruiter recognize only war as the founder of public order and civilization. Where there is no war, what kind of morality is there: everyone wanders wherever he wants, says what […]...
38. The German offensive to the east in the 12th-14th centuries Gradual spread of German settlements to the east was observed in the VIII century. and significantly intensified in the XII century, when, as a result of a long and brutal struggle, the German feudal lords captured the territories of the Polabian Slavs – the obedrites and the Lyutichs. The Margrave of Brandenburg, the Duchies of […]...
39. Feudal fragmentation. “States in the State” The Middle Ages was for Europe the era of feudal fragmentation. Local rulers – dukes, counts and barons, that is vassals of the king – were grandees, poorly obeyed the monarch, their possessions were states in the state. The king often had to apply force against them. XI-XII centuries. From the works of the medieval […]...
40. Biography of Robert Kirchhoff Robert Kirchhoff is a German physicist, Born March 12, 1824 in Koenigsberg. Education in the biography of Kirchhoff was obtained at the University of Konigsberg. In 1848 he defended his doctoral dissertation at the University of Berlin. Here he became a teacher. Then the scientist began teaching at the Polish University of Breslau, and later […]...