Hussite wars

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1. Jan Hus and the Hussite Wars At the beginning of the XV century. The struggle of the Czech people against German domination and the Catholic Church was led by Jan Hus. He was born into a peasant family in the town of Gusintsy in the south of the Czech Republic. After graduating from Prague University, he received a master’s degree and […]...
2. Main events, information and facts on the topic “Slavs and their neighbors” in the tables The Czech Kingdom Hungary Polish Kingdom 1085 – Prince Vratislav II receives the title of King of Bohemia; Economically developed country in the Holy Roman Empire OK. 1000 year – the formation of the Hungarian state István I The Holy – the founder of the Hungarian state X century. – the formation of the Polish […]...
3. “Do Russian wars want to happen?” composition Once, even in the time of Socrates, one wise man was asked whether he was happy? To this he replied that alas. What is he lacking for complete happiness? they asked him again. “I will be absolutely, absolutely happy, only when there comes peace in the whole world! And this will never happen!”. This is […]...
4. The German offensive to the east in the 12th-14th centuries Gradual spread of German settlements to the east was observed in the VIII century. and significantly intensified in the XII century, when, as a result of a long and brutal struggle, the German feudal lords captured the territories of the Polabian Slavs – the obedrites and the Lyutichs. The Margrave of Brandenburg, the Duchies of […]...
5. Composition and movement of the population. Diseases, wars, famines, epidemics and their consequences At dawn of the Middle Ages, the territory of Europe was inhabited by different tribes and nationalities. Among them, the formation of a future Europe was mostly influenced by the Celts. Romanesque nationalities, Thracians, Germans, Balts, Threatened Finns, Slavs, Asians and Africans, Arabs, Jews, Berbers, Turks also played a significant role. This motley and multilingual […]...
6. The Czech Kingdom. Preconditions At the turn of the IX-X centuries. in the Czech princedom the princely clan of the Přemíslović stands prominently. It Precisely, at the head of the tribal union of the Czechs, laid the foundations of an independent Czech state with a center in Prague. Their power was especially strong during the years of the reign […]...
7. Summary of Yirasek A Alois Jirasek, also referred to as Irasek (Czech Alois Jirasek, 1851-1930) is a Czech writer and public figure. He was born in Gronow. He worked as a school teacher. The author of a voluminous cycle of historical novels depicting the movement of the Hussites, the period of Austrian domination (“darkness”) and national revival; created a […]...
8. Rivalry for the Baltics. Alexander Nevskiy. The Battle of Ice 1242 y The Principalities of North-Eastern Russia tried to gain a foothold in the Baltic region. They founded the city of Yuryev on the estonian lands, took tribute from the Finns and Lithuanians. But the Baltic knights were also looked after by German knights. They built a fortress in Riga at the mouth of the Western Dvina. […]...
9. “The onslaught on the East.” German Crusades against the Slavs XII-XIII centuries German feudal lords did not receive anything in the Muslim East in the Crusades. Aspirations to increase their possessions they lacked – Germany seemed to them close. Therefore, while the emperors fought with Italy and quarreled with the popes, the feudal lords carried out an “onslaught on the East” – populated the lands in the […]...
10. The Hungarian Kingdom On the lands of the middle Danubian – the territory of modern Hungary Hungarian tribes came in 896. At the head of the Hungarian tribes stood the leader Arpad. It is with him that the princely, and later the first royal dynasty of Hungary – Arpadovichi begins. The entire first half of the X century. […]...
11. Bibliographic Dictionary of the Middle Ages Abelard Pierre. An outstanding thinker of medieval Europe. The predecessor of the scholastics. I sought reinforcement of the dogma of reason, so I inevitably fell into heresy. The church condemned him for “the impudence with which he delves into divine secrets.” I wrote a brilliant memo of medieval literature – “The History of My Disasters”. […]...
12. Hungary in the Middle Ages The lands between the rivers Tisza and the Danube were inhabited long ago by Slavic tribes and, perhaps, by the ancestors of modern Romanians and Moldavians. At the end of IX c. there were migrated through the Carpathians Ugrians, who were pressed from the southern Russian steppes of the Pechenegs. They defeated the Great Moravian […]...
13. Jan Hus – Bethlehem rebel. The struggle of the Czech Republic with German dominance At the beginning of the XV century. the Czechs have run out of patience. They rose to fight the German dominance and the “corruption” of the clergy. The townspeople sought a cheap church, noblemen – of its landed estates, and all together – the liberation of the country from German domination. The disgruntled head of […]...
14. Interregnum. Austrian Duchy At the time of the Interregnum, the German throne was not empty: it was bought by foreign princes and monarchs. Nevertheless, there was no supreme power in the state. In Germany, there were about a hundred principalities, mostly bishops. All of them were independent of the emperor, and some in general were vassals of foreign […]...
15. The Magna Carta and the emergence of the English Parliament King John, as a result of the unsuccessful war for England with Philip II August, lost in France most of the patrimonial possessions of the Plantagenets. Therefore, contemporaries called John a derogatory nickname Landless. Military defeat, the constant extortion of “shield money” caused the subjects genuine hatred for the king. The situation was aggravated by […]...
16. The beginning of the Hundred Years War After the death of Philip IV the Beautiful, the French throne belonged to three of his sons for 15 years. However, none of them left their heirs, and in 1328 the rule of the Capetian dynasty ceased. On the throne, the representative of her younger branch, Philip VI Valois, ascended. The British King Edward III […]...
17. The first states of the Western Slavs. The emergence of the Slavic script Western Slavs – Czechs, Poles, Slovaks – come from the Slavic tribes who settled north of the Danube to the Baltic and Elbe. The Slavic community of the Balkan Peninsula became the basis for the formation of the southern Slavs: Bulgarians, Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, etc. The first state of the Western Slavs was formed to […]...
18. Basic dates and facts on the history of the Middle Ages Main dates on the history of the Middle Ages 395 The division of the Roman Empire into the Eastern and Western 476 The demise of the Roman Empire 486 Foundation of the Frankish Kingdom 610 Beginning of sermons by Mohammed 622 Relocation of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina 732 The Battle of Poitiers – the […]...
19. Summary of the “Winter Battle” In Russian history, there are events, gold burning on the tables of her military glory. And one of them – the Battle of Stalingrad (July 17, 1942-2 February 1943), which became the Cannams of the XX century. Giant in scale battle WWII unfolded in the second half of 1942 on the banks of the Volga. […]...
20. The Battle of Neva and the Battle of Ice Russia, except the Mongols, threatened and other enemies: from the north, the Swedes and the Germans. Nineteen-year-old Alexander Yaroslavich, a Novgorod prince, in 1240 gamely repulsed the attack of the Swedes. The Swedish flotilla led by Jarl Birger entered the mouth of the Neva and was sent to Novgorod. Birger sent Alexander Yaroslavich a messenger […]...
21. Conquest of Ottoman Turks. Ottoman Moloch In the middle of the XIV century. The Ottoman Turks implemented their first conquests in the Balkans. First they enslaved Bulgaria, then attacked Serbia. In 1389, an unequal battle took place on the Kosovo Field between Serbian knights and more numerous Turkish troops. In this battle, both the Serbian king Lazar and the Turkish sultan […]...
22. Briefly about Timur Timur was born into the family of a Mongolian nobleman. He grew up brave and strong warrior. At the age of 26, due to injury, he became a cripple: his right leg did not bend at the knee, and his arm – at the elbow. Since then, Timur was called the “Iron Lame” – Tamerlane. […]...
23. The Crusades of 1096-1270 The first in 1096 moved to distant Jerusalem detachments of French and German peasants – almost unarmed, without food supplies. On the way, they robbed and killed everyone, especially the Jews. Their fate was sad. The Byzantine emperor quickly sent them across the Bosporus to Asia Minor, where the Seljuks almost all this “army” and […]...
24. Ukraine in the Second World War and the Great Patriotic War 1. When did the Second World War begin? September 1, 1939, the Second World War began. It was preceded by the agreement of the leading European states on the division of Czechoslovakia, as well as the agreement between the leaders of Nazi Germany and the Bolshevik Soviet Union – Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin. By […]...
25. Completion of the Hundred Years War and the reunification of France The death of Joan of Arc, as the British had hoped, did not change the course of the war. The French troops continued to advance successfully. The Burgundian Duke, realizing the hopelessness of the position of the British, hastened to reconcile with the French king. In the spring of 1436 Charles VII took Paris. He […]...
26. The Crusades of the 11th-13th centuries The growth of the political influence of the papacy was particularly evident in the organization of the Crusades to the East. At the end of the XI century. Christian pilgrims lost the opportunity to freely pilgrimage to the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem, because the city was captured by the Seljuk Turks who professed Islam. The […]...
27. The Battle of Kulikovo Field In the second half of the XIV century. The Russian princes had already acted harmoniously against the Horde. In 1378, the military forces of the Moscow and Ryazan principalities, led by the Moscow prince Dmitry Ivanovich, inflicted the first military defeat on the territory of Ryazansky Tatars. But the great Lithuanian prince Jagiello hurried to […]...
28. Medieval Poland. Grand Duchy of Lithuania Slavic tribal unions, which gave rise to the Polish state, occupied the territory between the Oder, Vistula and Warta rivers. In the X century. the princely dynasty of the Piastas is singled out, which united under its authority almost all the Polish lands. The main residence of the first Piastas was Gniezno. The legend connects […]...
29. Poland in the Middle Ages The Poles formed their state in the late 10th century. The first reliable Polish prince Mieszko I married a Czech princess Dubravka. He himself became a Catholic and turned all the Poles into Catholicism. His son Boleslaw I the Brave defeated the Germans who encroached on the Polish lands, and tried to capture the Old […]...
30. Scandinavian countries in the 12th-15th centuries Since the XII century, the population of Northern Europe has been growing rapidly. With the cessation of marches, the main source of the nobility’s profits is agriculture, so it starts actively appropriating land. Some of the free peasants found themselves in land dependence. The land was distributed to peasants for temporary use, for which it […]...
31. Education of the Holy Roman Empire The eastern part of the empires of Charlemagne went to Louis the German as a separate kingdom, uniting the lands of four, in fact independent, duchies: Swabia, Bavaria, Franconia and Saxony. In Germany, the formation of the state takes place in the reign of Otto I, who, after defeating the Hungarians in 955 near Augsburg, […]...
32. Composition on the picture Vereshchagin “At the fortress wall, let them enter” In some sources, it is reported that Vereshchagin was invited to Turkestan, at the time when the military actions were going on, to create a military chronicle in the painting. What would the people be able to see with their own eyes and experience the seriousness of the event. Vereshchagin managed not only to witness […]...
33. Germany – the next empire. Otto I the Great The territory of Germany, inhabited by German, Roman and Slavic tribes, was first part of the Frankish Empire. After this empire fell, the local feudal lords elected Henry I as their king in 919. Germany, thus, became a separate state, but divided into several large self-governing regions: Alemania, Bavaria, Franconia and Saxony. After Henry I, […]...
34. Conquest and loss of Italy. Friedrich I of Barbarossa. Frederick II Northern and Middle Italy for visibility was part of the Holy Roman Empire. She showed obedience to the emperor only when he sent his troops there. In general, it had to be conquered from time to time. The emperors did not spare any forces or means, because they were eager to reign over the Christian […]...
35. Summary “Ivan the Peasant’s Son and the Miracle of Yudo” In some kingdom, in a certain state, there lived an old man with an old woman, and they had three sons. The youngest was called Ivanushka. They lived – did not grieve, they worked – they were not lazy. But here came the evil news: attacked their kingdom a terrible miracle-yudo nasty. The older brothers […]...
36. Summary “The History of Pugachev” Emelyan Pugachev was an ordinary subject of Russia, born in 1742 and (presumably), in the village of Zimoveyska. However, at that time no one suspected that historians would actively study the history of Pugachev’s uprising in the future. Briefly his biography can be described as follows: in 1769 he passed military service, participating in the […]...
37. The Italian policy of the German emperors At the beginning of the XII century. The German Empire united the lands of modern Germany and Austria. Switzerland, Belgium, Holland, the Czech Republic, parts of France and Northern and Central Italy. It was a collection of separate territories, which, in effect, were controlled by independent secular and ecclesiastical princes. Emerging from the crisis of […]...
38. The truth about the war The fact that it is easy to find descriptions of battles with “bloodthirsty Asiatic Mongols” in memoirs, in memoirs of soldiers, officers and even generals of the Wehrmacht does not surprise me, I’m used to it. About modern crafts – pseudo-memories, such as the book “German sniper on the eastern front,” telling about the “exploits” […]...
39. Summary of Bedřich Smetana SHEET SMITH 1824-1884 Sour cream is called the father of new Czech music, Czech Glinka. In his work, the musical genius of the Czech people flourished magnificently, the pictures of Czechia’s history, people’s life and nature revived, the rhythms of folk dances, the melodies of Czech songs captivating in beauty and freshness sounded. The legacy […]...
40. Southern Italy and Sicily in the 11th-13th centuries The historical fate of Southern Italy and Sicily was different. These areas in the XI century. conquered the Normans, who formed the Sicilian kingdom there. The feudal nobility in the kingdom existed, but the kings held it under their control. At the beginning of the XIII century. The Sicilian kingdom was given to Frederick II, […]...