Home ⇒ 📌History ⇒ The most ancient books. Ostromir Gospel

The most ancient books. Ostromir Gospel

What is known about the oldest books on our lands?

The first books were hand-written. Wrote them on a parchment with a goose feather. For writing, dark brown or black ink was used, and for finishing – paints of vegetable or mineral origin. Making parchment is an extremely painstaking affair. First, the skins were thoroughly washed. After that, soaked in a calcareous solution. Then removed the nap, pulled on wooden frames, polished and carefully ironed with pumice stone. At the end, the chalk powder was rubbed into the parchment, which made the writing material whiter.

Ostromir Gospel is the oldest dated book monument of our land.

Created this book in Kiev for seven months, as evidenced by a special record. Ostromir Gospel was intended for church use, therefore it has a large format. In the book there are three miniatures of the authors of the Gospels – John, Luke and Mark, for the fourth, Matthew, left a free fifty-seventh leaf. In addition to miniatures,

the gospel is luxuriously decorated with a large headband, 17 small screensavers and 207 initials.

In monasteries, an individual minister was engaged in the storage of books. The monks gathered at a certain time in the library, where they were given books until the evening, and after they hit the bell, everyone had to return them to the book depository. Those who delayed the book awaited punishment. After all, the book was not only a spiritual treasure, but also a significant material value. To make a manuscript book, it took a lot of labor and materials – leather, gold, paints. So, for the production of 294 sheets of parchment for the Withered Gospel, 60 calves skins were used. Dissolved or sheet gold was decorated with a background in miniatures, headers and initials. Expensive were the colors dissolved on the egg yolk. The rim of the book was made of plates and covered with leather. Covers were also made from expensive materials.

During the reign of Yaroslav the Wise in Kiev, the state took care of the book business, because it was closely connected with the spread of Christianity. In the annals

we read: “This great prince Yaroslav, son of Vladimirov, sowed the books of the hearts of believing people with bookish words, and we reap, the teaching accepting the book, for the greatest benefit comes to man from the book’s teaching.” Books… there are sources of wisdom, because there are books immeasurable depth. ” The largest book depository was the St. Sophia Cathedral, in the library of which there were, according to scientists, up to 900 volumes of manuscript books.

(1 votes, average: 5.00 out of 5)

Oldest Handwritten Books The oldest Russian handwritten books that reached us date back to the beginning of the eleventh century (but scholars believe that such books could have appeared in Russia already in the 9th century, after the invention of the Slavic script). Old Russian bookishness is a separate branch of Old Russian art. According to rough estimates, […]...

Reims and Peresopnytsia Gospels. First printed books 1. What are the famous Reims and Peresopnytsia gospels? The Gospel is one of the most important parts of the Holy Letter, in which we are talking about the earthly life of Jesus Christ. The glory of the oldest Ukrainian book belongs to the Reims gospel. The title of this book, made almost 1000 years […]...

Monuments of ancient Russian literature In the 11th-12th centuries, the cultural development of Kievan Rus took off. The cultural centers were large cities, many of which acquired the importance of European centers: Novgorod, Kiev, Galich. The excavations carried out by archaeologists allow us to speak about the high culture of the townspeople, many of whom were literate. This is evidenced […]...

Biography of Yaroslav the Wise Yaroslav the Wise – Grand Duke of Kiev. The year of Yaroslav’s birth is not exactly known, but according to the conventional wisdom he was born in 978, although some historians deny it. Yaroslav’s father was Vladimir Svyatoslavich, mother – Rogneda Rogvolodovna. Even in his youth in the biography of Yaroslav the Wise, the title […]...

Ancient Russia The main source of our knowledge of ancient Russia is medieval chronicles. In the archives, libraries and museums there are several hundred, but in fact this is one book written by hundreds of authors, starting work in the 9th century and ending it seven centuries later. First you need to determine what is the record. […]...

Books in our family We have a lot of books at home, they are arranged on several shelves in four rows. On the shelves of the first row are the father’s books: technical reference books and military-historical novels. In the second row there are mother’s books: French novels, books on housekeeping and embroidery. On the shelves of the third […]...

What are the books for? The book is the best source of knowledge. They are on paper, in electronic form and audiobooks. The books contain vast experience and knowledge of other people that you can use. From books we learn about the world around us, we find answers to many questions. Books teach us how to do the right thing […]...

The most famous temples of Ukraine. St. Sophia Cathedral in Kiev 1. When did St. Sophia Cathedral appear in Kiev? The Cathedral of St. Sophia was built in times that are considered the heyday of Kievan Rus. Rules then the son of Vladimir the Great Prince Yaroslav. Having spent many campaigns and battles, having obtained the right to the principality in Kiev, Yaroslav escaped the accusations […]...

The role of books The book is the source of wisdom and knowledge. If there were no books, then people could not develop and improve. With the help of books, the authors express their thoughts and feelings, share their experiences with readers. Not for nothing since ancient times man learned to read and write, without these skills it is […]...

“Why do I need to read books” essay For many millennia since the creation of the first book, people have not stopped reading. The book accompanies a person throughout his life. The book for a person is a friend, assistant, mentor and teacher. From the book, a person derives new information, useful facts and new ideas. From the book a person takes food […]...

“What Do We Learn from Books” essay “I owe everything good to the book,” Maxim Gorky said. I completely agree with him. I believe that books play a very important role in a person’s life. And now I will try to prove it. First, how do you even imagine life without books? This is boring and uninteresting! How sometimes it’s disgusting to […]...

The development of technology in the Middle Ages In the Middle Ages, the development of technology passed slowly, in the process of accumulation and transfer of practical experience. In agriculture, mainly agricultural implements were improved, for example, in the 11th-12th centuries. Instead of a light plow, they started using a heavy iron wheeled plow with a blade and a gear harrow. In general, […]...

“Books in the Modern World” composition What is a book? Means to pass the time? The path to perfection? Source of knowledge? Coming to visit his grandparents. my grandfather says: “Love the book – the source of knowledge…”. For me, a book, something more than just sheets of paper in thick cover. This is the embodiment of the thoughts, long gone […]...

Books are our best friends Despite the development of various technologies, the main source of information for most people on the planet is still the book. And she not only carries some information, but also teaches us how to act in this or that situation. Books are our best friends, they educate in us kindness to the surrounding people, make […]...

“The benefit of reading books” essay Books are very useful for everyone, so every day we must read them. They carry a lot of new and interesting information, which sometimes you will not scoop out of television or the Internet. Reading the book, we develop intellectually, spiritually, and also aesthetically. Different subjects of books give us a different direction. Due to […]...

Ancient Literature of China The history of writing in China is unique. The oldest Chinese texts, fortune-telling inscriptions scrawled on a sheep’s shoulder blade or a tortoise shell, refer to the III-II millennium BC. e. such a shell or spatula was placed in the fire, and the answer to the question asked was “read” according to the shape and […]...

Books, without which I can not do without I do not know what I would do without books. For me, reading is as natural as breathing. And books for me – a kind of air, you can not live without. I “swallow” “Pushkin’s Captain’s Daughter” along with the detective Marinina, Lermontov’s “Hero of Our Time”, along with “Kys” by Tatiana Tolstoy. I read […]...

Where did the book come from? While reading a book. you will fly around our country and the whole globe, visit distant planets, make a journey into the past and the future, learn to understand and love people, their work. Hold out your hand and the book will talk about what you need to know. Touch the fat root, and ask […]...

The problem of choosing books for reading Everyone has the same taste that was instilled in him by parents, friends, teachers. Therefore, when there is a free moment, and you want to read something, the soul requires exactly what can satisfy emotional needs, give new pleasant impressions, and teach you to think progressively. Therefore, I want to read a book that would […]...

Why do we need books? At the present time reading books has sunk far into the past. If earlier a person could tell what book he read, or what is the favorite author of books, now he hardly remembers. Especially, it concerns the younger generation, which in the world of technology is completely forgotten about books. Books for years are […]...

Culture of the Middle Ages After the death of the Western Roman Empire, the West plunged into the darkness of decline and barbarism. This resulted not so much in the barbaric conquests, as in the confusion and indifference of the population. People did not have neither the strength nor the desire to resist the oppression of life’s circumstances. But the […]...

Composition on the theme “The role of books in human life” The book is the greatest teacher of all mankind. This is a friend accompanying us from the nursery cradle to a very old age. The book that is in our hands is capable of giving us very much. But provided that we will also give her some of our attention and time. In the relationship […]...

Life as a genre of ancient Russian literature In the 11th-beginning of the 12th century, the first lives of Boris and Gleb’s life, the Life of Theodosius of Pechersky, and Antonius of Pechersky (to the present time is not preserved) are being created. Their writing was an important step in the ideological policy of the Russian state. At the time when these lives […]...

Can I do without books? Can I do without books? If you ask this question, then no one will take it seriously. Of course not. Books are both a source of knowledge, and a cultural and moral heritage, and the experience of ancestors, embodied in the form of narrative, and emotional wealth, represented in a lyrical form, and many more. […]...

Composition “Love of books” On the usefulness of reading informative tells the reader an essay on the theme “The book is my friend”. In the pages of favorite works we meet our heroes, who conquer our imagination with the strength of body and spirit, with mental abilities and with an unordinary philosophy of life. In an effort to imitate […]...

The life of an ancient man How did the ancient people live? The life and way of life of ancient people arouses considerable curiosity. To us, children of the modern world with all its benefits and high technologies, it is difficult to understand how the life of people who had nothing at their disposal but natural resources was built. In this […]...

“My hobby is reading books” essay Every person has time free from study or work, which he can dispose of at will. True, some say that they do not have free time at all. Dances, sections, circles, and even for study time does not remain. And others do not know what to do, and sit around the computer or chat with […]...

The Ancient Kremlin The Moscow Kremlin is the oldest part of Moscow, the main socio-political and historical and artistic complex of the capital’s center, the seat of the highest state authorities of the country. The Russian state shows constant concern for the precious ensemble-monument. In 1973, the restoration of the Kremlin began, which is now complete. The ancient […]...

“Children’s books” composition With fiction I met in my earliest childhood, when my mother told me a fairy tale about a goldfish at night. I then clearly and clearly imagined it to myself, and, after many years, I hoped that she would also meet me. After growing up, I came across many books by various authors. Reading fascinated […]...

House in medieval Europe. Description The medieval people lived in houses that lacked the conveniences that were usual for us. In the cold season, they were heated with a fire, the smoke from which came out either through a hood over the fireplace, or through windows and a hole in the roof. Expensive glass was used almost exclusively in church […]...

Schools and universities in the Middle Ages. Foci of Education and Culture The European Middle Ages borrowed the school education system from antiquity, but enriched it, adapted it to new conditions. In the Middle Ages, both secular and secular schools were opened. They studied the children of feudal lords, townspeople, clergy, well-to-do peasants. The schools taught “seven free arts”: grammar, rhetoric, dialectics, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music. […]...

The most famous temples of Ukraine. The Kiev-Pechersky Monastery. Cossack architecture 1. What is famous for the Kiev-Pechersky Monastery? In Ukraine, probably, there is no person who has not heard a forehead about the monastery – the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. It is located in Kiev on the Dnieper slopes. The monastery was founded around 1051, presumably by Antony Pechersky. First it was located in caves – hence […]...

Information about Africa in ancient times North Africa has been known to Europeans for a long time. After all, there, on the banks of the Nile, there was one of the first developed civilizations – Ancient Egypt. In the east of the Mediterranean coast, on a narrow coastal strip lived a people of mariners – Phoenicians, known since biblical times for […]...

The word about the death of the Russian land O light and brightly decorated Russian land! Many beauties you deprive: many lakes, you divide by rivers and sources of local people, the mountains are steep, the hills are high, the oak forests are frequent, the fields are marvelous, the beasts are different, the birds are countless, great cities, marvelous villages, honest noblemen, the Russian […]...

The Ukrainian city in the second half of 19 in What was the Ukrainian city in the second half of the 19th century? From the second half of the 19th century. In the life and way of life of the population of Ukraine, serious changes have taken place. The most notable of these changes were in large cities, which were increasingly exposed to European influence. […]...

History in symbols and signs 1. What is the value of the arms and seals for history? On coins, flags, pages of books, pictures, weapons, and sometimes on dishes and other objects, special conditional images happen. Sometimes such images are whimsical and complex: lions, leaning against city walls, eagles with outstretched wings and sharp claws, dragons and snakes, sabers, spears, […]...

Composition on the theme of the Gods of Ancient Egypt Osiris is the sun god, Isis is his sister and wife, and Horus is their son. About these gods, mythological legends, re-written to us by Greek writers, were formed, and these myths seem to be symbols of the struggle of the sun and darkness, light and darkness. The details of these legends, or, better to […]...

What is archeology? 1. What is archeology and how do archaeological excavations take place? Most of all secrets hide the most ancient times in the history of mankind. After all, there is too little evidence of them. Only the traces of human activity damaged by time – fragments of tools, ruins of ancient settlements, cemeteries, etc. However, such […]...

Summary “Ancient Greek Myths” There is not a single nation that does not have its own idea of the universe, the gods that rule life, and also their struggle for power and influence. Myths of Ancient Greece, a brief summary of which we will consider in this article, are also special because they pay much attention to a person. […]...

“Man and book” composition Since ancient times, between people and books, there is a connection that has lasted for more than 2000 years. The books were written on plaques, beaten on stone tiles, in Egypt they wrote on papyrus, folded into scrolls, and in China on the first paper made of rags. The very first books were written more […]...

The most ancient books. Ostromir Gospel

« Summary Rip Van Winkle

The composition “Dagestan is my native land” »

Related posts: