Mr. Veliky Novgorod

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1. Great Novgorod in the 10th-12th centuries Novgorod was founded among forests on the banks of the Volkhov River. With the formation of the Kiev state Novgorod land was included in its composition. At the end of the X century. Novgorod became the second largest city in Russia after Kiev. Through it was a well-known trade route “from the Varangians to the […]...
2. The Vladimir-Suzdal Principality At the decline of the Middle Ages in Eastern Europe, a new state emerged and intensified, the Moscow state, with which historical destiny closely linked Ukraine. It was formed around Moscow, the first annalistic mention of which dates back to 1147. Rostov-Suzdal prince Yuri Dolgoruky, the youngest son of the Kiev prince Vladimir Monomakh, surrounded […]...
3. Biography of Yaroslav the Wise Yaroslav the Wise – Grand Duke of Kiev. The year of Yaroslav’s birth is not exactly known, but according to the conventional wisdom he was born in 978, although some historians deny it. Yaroslav’s father was Vladimir Svyatoslavich, mother – Rogneda Rogvolodovna. Even in his youth in the biography of Yaroslav the Wise, the title […]...
4. Summary of “Marfa Posadnitsa” of Karamzin Events take place in 1478 during the reign of Iann III, which assimilates the leveled principalities into a single power. Novgorodians do not want to part with these grand dukes freemen, do not agree to join their lands to Muscovy and decide to resist the numerous army of the sovereign. The sound of the bell […]...
5. Biography of Vladimir Monomakh Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh – Grand Duke of Kiev, military commander. Vladimir Monomakh was born on May 26, 1053. His father was Vsevolod Yaroslavich. Even in his youth in his biography Vladimir Monomakh became Rostov prince. Then he ran Smolensk, later – Chernigov. After the death of Vsevolod, Yaroslavich yielded to the throne of Svyatopolk, his […]...
6. Public Administration and Society of North-Eastern Russia The most important institution of state government in Russia in the pre-Mongol period was the prince’s power. The prince was not only the supreme ruler of the country or the land, but also the legislative administrator of all local life. In the state administration, the boyars played an important role. They were noble, rich people […]...
7. Painting by Makovsky “Minin’s Appeal to Nizhny Novgorod” In my opinion, this picture is the most famous of patriotic works. It is over 40 square meters in size. The work was written in 1896 and was first presented at the show in Nizhny Novgorod. The picture shows an early morning. Time of the year is autumn. The alarming ringing of the bells gathered […]...
8. Biography of Alexander Nevsky Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky – Prince of Novgorod, Kiev, Vladimir, a great commander and a talented diplomat. Early years He was born on May 13, 1221 in the city of Pereslavl-Zalessky. He was the son of the Prince of Pereyaslav Yaroslav Vsevolodovich. In 1225, on the decision of his father in the biography of Nevsky, a […]...
9. The Ukrainian Revolution of 1917. Mikhail Grushevsky 1. What event is called the Ukrainian revolution? When in 1917 in the capital of the Russian Empire Petrograd the power of the tsar was overthrown, Ukrainian parties and public organizations created the Ukrainian Central Rada. It was headed by Mikhail Grushevsky. The Central Rada elected the government – the General Secretariat headed by Vladimir […]...
10. Culture of North-Eastern Russia XIII-XV centuries Literacy in North-Eastern Russia in the XIII-XV centuries. Special distribution has not received. In the monasteries and at the prince’s court they copied books, which were beautifully decorated. Wrote on parchment or on birch bark – birch. In the XIV century. in Russia there was a cheap paper. Russian travelers described Constantinople, and the Tver […]...
11. Summary “Legend of Boris and Gleb” Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich had twelve sons from different wives. The third in seniority was Svyatopolk. Svyatopolk’s mother, a nun, was cut off and taken to wife Yaropolk, Vladimir’s brother. Vladimir killed Yaropolk and captured his wife when she was pregnant. He adopted Svyatopolk, but did not like him. And Boris and Gleb were the sons […]...
12. The Mongol invasion of Russia. The Golden Horde yoke The fragmentation and princely internecine strife undermined the power of Russia. This situation in the XIII century. took advantage of the Mongol conquerors. The Mongols lived in the steppes of Central Asia. They were nomadic tribes, breeding horses, oxen and sheep. In 1206, at the kurultai of the Mongolian nobility, the leader of one of […]...
13. The Battle of Neva and the Battle of Ice Russia, except the Mongols, threatened and other enemies: from the north, the Swedes and the Germans. Nineteen-year-old Alexander Yaroslavich, a Novgorod prince, in 1240 gamely repulsed the attack of the Swedes. The Swedish flotilla led by Jarl Birger entered the mouth of the Neva and was sent to Novgorod. Birger sent Alexander Yaroslavich a messenger […]...
14. Rivalry for the Baltics. Alexander Nevskiy. The Battle of Ice 1242 y The Principalities of North-Eastern Russia tried to gain a foothold in the Baltic region. They founded the city of Yuryev on the estonian lands, took tribute from the Finns and Lithuanians. But the Baltic knights were also looked after by German knights. They built a fortress in Riga at the mouth of the Western Dvina. […]...
15. The Battle of Kulikovo Field In the second half of the XIV century. The Russian princes had already acted harmoniously against the Horde. In 1378, the military forces of the Moscow and Ryazan principalities, led by the Moscow prince Dmitry Ivanovich, inflicted the first military defeat on the territory of Ryazansky Tatars. But the great Lithuanian prince Jagiello hurried to […]...
16. Interregnum. Austrian Duchy At the time of the Interregnum, the German throne was not empty: it was bought by foreign princes and monarchs. Nevertheless, there was no supreme power in the state. In Germany, there were about a hundred principalities, mostly bishops. All of them were independent of the emperor, and some in general were vassals of foreign […]...
17. Summary “Alexander Nevsky” Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky was the son of Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodich and Princess Feodosia (daughter of Mstislav Udalogo). He was born on May 13, 1221. It is known that in 1228 and 1230, his father left the brothers Alexander and Fyodor to reign in Novgorod. But only in 1236 the period of the long reign of […]...
18. The German Empire and the Papacy From the second half of the XI century. The important aspect of the political life of Germany was the relations between the state and the church. Emperor Henry IV dared to openly conflict with Pope Gregory VII, who forbade secular power to interfere with the appointment of bishops. Thus began the struggle for investment. It […]...
19. Muscovy. Yuri Danilovich. Ivan Kalita At the turn of the XIII-XIV centuries. the great princedoms of the North-East of Russia have broken up into allotments-smaller independent principalities. In the XIV century. strengthened the Moscow and Tver principality. They began among themselves a fierce struggle for the Grand Duchy of Vladimir. The Moscow principality won, which extended its power to several […]...
20. The most outstanding events of Kievan Rus. Princes of Kievan Rus: Oleg, Olga, Svyatoslav, Vladimir Byzantium – a powerful state of the time with the capital of Constantinople, whose lands stretched along the southern coast of the Black Sea. Rus and Byzantium had long-standing ties, primarily trading. It was from Byzantium that Christianity came to our land – faith in the triune God – the Father God, his Son – […]...
21. People in the history of Kievan Rus 1. What groups of the population are witnessed by the sources of the times of Kievan Rus and the subsequent centuries? During the emergence of the first state on our lands – with the center in Kiev – the inhabitants of Rus were divided into certain groups. Everyone did his job: some grew bread, others […]...
22. Bylina “Churila Plenkovich” in the summary In the capital city of Kiev, Grand Duke Vladimir has a feast. At the feast princes, boyars and mighty warriors. Suddenly there are a hundred fellows, followed by a hundred more, and for those and a hundred more. All of them are beaten-wounded, the violent heads are tied with sashes. The beaten fellows beat the […]...
23. “Collecting land” in the XV century. The overthrow of the yoke, the disintegration of the Horde. Ivan III After the Battle of Kulikovo, the Moscow Principality began to “gather” Russian lands around itself. This was taken care of, in particular, by the great Moscow prince Ivan III, who resorted both to bribery and to violence. Ivan III became a widower early. The preeminent Italian diplomats, in order to persuade him to join the […]...
24. The beginning of the unification of Russian lands around Moscow According to the testament of Alexander Nevsky, his youngest son Daniil received possession of a small Moscow principality. Daniel set out to expand the boundaries of his possessions and began to collect Russian lands around Moscow. Moscow was in an area suitable for farming, cattle breeding and fisheries, at the intersection of important river trade […]...
25. The conquest of Rus by the Mongol-Tatars. Genghis Khan. Baty Russia split into separate princedoms very inopportunely when the great Eurasian steppe came to life, where many nomadic tribes lived. At the beginning of the XIII century. the Mongols of Central Asia chose Khan Temucin as their talented commander and organizer. He was called Genghis Khan – “the ruler of the world.” Thus, a young […]...
26. The Baptism of Rus and its meaning The beginning of the reign of Vladimir Svyatoslavich. Protection of Russia from the nomads. After the death of Svyatoslav in Kiev, a quarrel broke out between his sons. In the course of it, Oleg and Yaropolk perished, and the power in 980 was captured by Vladimir, who had ruled before in Novgorod. Vladimir went down […]...
27. The strengthening of the Moscow state in the 15th century The political successes of the Moscow principality, achieved during the reign of Dmitry Donskoy, were consolidated and developed by his successors. The son of Dmitry Donskoy, Prince Vasily I shortly after ascension to the throne annexed the principality of Nizhny Novgorod, as well as lands in the Vychegda river basin, populated by the Komi people. […]...
28. Painting Savrasov “Pechora Monastery near Nizhny Novgorod” An ordinary village on the banks of a mighty river. A grove of birch trees, a sideways fence. And in the distance the monastery is white. It would seem that the everyday picture, what she so attracted the artist, that he decided to transfer it to the canvas? What did I like about the work […]...
29. Germany at the end of the Middle Ages. The German Empire of the 14th-15th centuries The dynasty of the Habsburgs did not remain in power for long. At the beginning of the XIV century. the feudal lords elected King Henry VII of Luxembourg. He founded the Luxembourg dynasty, which persistently tried to conquer Italy, quarreled with the popes. All this, in the end, fed up with the princes. To the […]...
30. Bylin about Vasily Buslaev in brief summary Fight with the Novgorodians Ninety years old lives in Novgorod Buslay. He does not argue with anyone and does not quarrel with anyone: neither with Novgorod, nor with Pskov, nor with Moscow. When Buslai dies, his son Vasily remains. When Vasily turns seven, he begins to walk around the city, go to the prince’s court […]...
31. Bylina “Danila Lovchanin” in the summary Prince Vladimir has a feast with a mountain. Princes, boyars and heroes, having been fed up and drunk, are boasting before each other: some – wealth, others – force, merchants – goods, boyars – estates and fiefdoms. Danila Denisievich does not boast alone. Prince Vladimir asks him whether he is silent because he has nothing […]...
32. Life as a genre of ancient Russian literature In the 11th-beginning of the 12th century, the first lives of Boris and Gleb’s life, the Life of Theodosius of Pechersky, and Antonius of Pechersky (to the present time is not preserved) are being created. Their writing was an important step in the ideological policy of the Russian state. At the time when these lives […]...
33. The struggle of cities for self-government. Cities-communes The whole land belonged to the feudal lords, and therefore the cities stood on their land and were considered their property. The city was like a vassal of the feudal lord. The townspeople completely depended on his whims and appetites, the feudal lord tried to squeeze out of them as much as possible profit. This […]...
34. Summary “Zadonshchina” The word about the Grand Duke Dmitri Ivanovich and his brother, Prince Vladimir Andreevich, how they defeated the adversary of his Tsar Mamai. Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich and his brother, Prince Vladimir Andreevich, was at the feast of the Moscow governor. And he said: “The news came to us, brothers, that King Mamai is standing […]...
35. Bylina “Dyuk Stepanovich” in brief summary From the glorious city of Galich, from the rich land of Volyn, a kind fellow, Dyuk Stepanovich, left to go hunting. But hunting did not work out – for nothing, he shot his expensive arrows. Duke collected all the arrows in the quiver and returned home to Galich, and it was on the Great Saturday. […]...
36. Bylina “Alyosha and Sister Zbrodovichey” in brief summary The Kiev prince Vladimir is having a feast. Princes, boyars, heroes, Cossacks, burlaks and peasants are sitting at the feast. Having eaten and drunk, everyone starts to brag: who is the “golden treasury”, who is the “broad court”, who is the “good horse”, and the unreasonable brag about “young wife” and “sister”. Only two brothers […]...
37. Summary “Bylin about Vasily Buslaev” Ninety years old lives in Novgorod Buslay. He does not argue with anyone and does not quarrel with anyone: neither with Novgorod, nor with Pskov, nor with Moscow. When Buslai dies, his son Vasily remains. When Vasily turns seven, he begins to walk around the city, go to the prince’s court and “joke” with other […]...
38. Prince Oleg’s trip to Byzantium The earliest surviving ancient Russian chronicle to date, “The Tale of Bygone Years” begins with a story about the campaign of Prince Oleg to the city of Tsargrad. According to this historical document, one part of the prince’s army advanced on horses along the shore, and the other on the sea on two thousand ships, […]...
39. Composition on “Ivan the Terrible” Perhaps the most controversial figure in the history of Russia is Ivan the Terrible. On the one hand, a strong ruler, an outstanding statesman. Russia, more precisely, Russia, in the years of his reign increased by half. Under Ivan the Terrible, Russia was first perceived in Europe as a serious player in the political arena. […]...
40. Medieval Poland. Grand Duchy of Lithuania Slavic tribal unions, which gave rise to the Polish state, occupied the territory between the Oder, Vistula and Warta rivers. In the X century. the princely dynasty of the Piastas is singled out, which united under its authority almost all the Polish lands. The main residence of the first Piastas was Gniezno. The legend connects […]...