The first states of the Western Slavs. The emergence of the Slavic script

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1. Slavs in medieval Europe. The influence of Byzantium on the Slavic culture An important role in the history of medieval Europe was played by the Slavs. They settled in Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe and were divided into western, eastern and southern. Slavic tribes lived during their stay and in the north of Europe – in the basin of the river. Laba, and on the Baltic coast. […]...
2. “The onslaught on the East.” German Crusades against the Slavs XII-XIII centuries German feudal lords did not receive anything in the Muslim East in the Crusades. Aspirations to increase their possessions they lacked – Germany seemed to them close. Therefore, while the emperors fought with Italy and quarreled with the popes, the feudal lords carried out an “onslaught on the East” – populated the lands in the […]...
3. Slavic unity Modern science divides the Slavs into southern, western and eastern Slavs. Southern – these are the Bulgarians, Macedonians, Slovenes and Serbo-Croatians; Western – Poles, Czechs, Slovaks and Serbians; eastern – this is the Ukrainians, Russian and Byelorussians. Slavic peoples occupy a significant territory of the European continent. And if they had united in Slavic unity, […]...
4. Scandinavian states of the Middle Ages At the end of IX c. Vikings from Norway settled on a large treeless island. They called it Iceland – “The Land of Ice”. The climate in Iceland was very unfavorable for agriculture, but the presence of fat pastures allowed to graze livestock. Soon the entire coast of Iceland was dotted with the hamlets of […]...
5. The emergence of Scandinavian states in the Middle Ages The basis of the economic and political life of Scandinavia in the days of the Vikings were free people Bond. They had their own farm, they used the right to carry arms and appeal to the courts. They were farmers, cattlemen, hunters and fishermen. All of them were considered equal, but often their rights depended […]...
6. Hungary in the Middle Ages The lands between the rivers Tisza and the Danube were inhabited long ago by Slavic tribes and, perhaps, by the ancestors of modern Romanians and Moldavians. At the end of IX c. there were migrated through the Carpathians Ugrians, who were pressed from the southern Russian steppes of the Pechenegs. They defeated the Great Moravian […]...
7. Main events, information and facts on the topic “Slavs and their neighbors” in the tables The Czech Kingdom Hungary Polish Kingdom 1085 – Prince Vratislav II receives the title of King of Bohemia; Economically developed country in the Holy Roman Empire OK. 1000 year – the formation of the Hungarian state István I The Holy – the founder of the Hungarian state X century. – the formation of the Polish […]...
8. The emergence of medieval Europe. Roman and barbarian worlds in the middle of the first millennium Medieval Europe arose on the ruins of the Roman Empire not immediately, but for several centuries. It was formed as a result of the invasion of barbarian tribes, and above all Germanic tribes. These invasions completed the long process of unification of the Roman and barbarian worlds. How could these unlinky worlds come together, which […]...
9. The German offensive to the east in the 12th-14th centuries Gradual spread of German settlements to the east was observed in the VIII century. and significantly intensified in the XII century, when, as a result of a long and brutal struggle, the German feudal lords captured the territories of the Polabian Slavs – the obedrites and the Lyutichs. The Margrave of Brandenburg, the Duchies of […]...
10. Feudal fragmentation. “States in the State” The Middle Ages was for Europe the era of feudal fragmentation. Local rulers – dukes, counts and barons, that is vassals of the king – were grandees, poorly obeyed the monarch, their possessions were states in the state. The king often had to apply force against them. XI-XII centuries. From the works of the medieval […]...
11. The emergence of the English Parliament Henry III did not fulfill the obligations, therefore in 1263 a civil war broke out in England. The army of Simon de Montfort defeated the royal army, captured Henry III and Crown Prince. In the beginning of 1265 Simon de Montfort actually became the dictator of England. To strengthen his power, he convened the Supreme […]...
12. The death of the empire of Charlemagne, the formation of the states of medieval Europe Charlemagne died in 814 and the throne passed to his son Louis the Pious. However, soon three sons of Louis pious Karl Lysy, Louis German and Lothar – began to seek from the father of the partition of the empire. In order to calm them down, Louis the Pious in 817 divided the empire between […]...
13. The Magna Carta and the emergence of the English Parliament King John, as a result of the unsuccessful war for England with Philip II August, lost in France most of the patrimonial possessions of the Plantagenets. Therefore, contemporaries called John a derogatory nickname Landless. Military defeat, the constant extortion of “shield money” caused the subjects genuine hatred for the king. The situation was aggravated by […]...
14. The Czech Kingdom. Preconditions At the turn of the IX-X centuries. in the Czech princedom the princely clan of the Přemíslović stands prominently. It Precisely, at the head of the tribal union of the Czechs, laid the foundations of an independent Czech state with a center in Prague. Their power was especially strong during the years of the reign […]...
15. The Hungarian Kingdom On the lands of the middle Danubian – the territory of modern Hungary Hungarian tribes came in 896. At the head of the Hungarian tribes stood the leader Arpad. It is with him that the princely, and later the first royal dynasty of Hungary – Arpadovichi begins. The entire first half of the X century. […]...
16. The great migration of peoples and the formation of barbarian states The period in the history that initiated the formation of national communities in Europe is usually called the era of the Great Migration of Nations. As a result of migration processes on the ruins of the Western Roman Empire, new state formations of Burgundians, Lombards, Angles, Saxons and others emerged. The first barbarian state on […]...
17. Germany – the next empire. Otto I the Great The territory of Germany, inhabited by German, Roman and Slavic tribes, was first part of the Frankish Empire. After this empire fell, the local feudal lords elected Henry I as their king in 919. Germany, thus, became a separate state, but divided into several large self-governing regions: Alemania, Bavaria, Franconia and Saxony. After Henry I, […]...
18. Ancestors of the Slavs The cult of ancestors in the life of the ancient Slavs was of great importance. Under the names “Rod” and “Childbirth” from a deep antiquity, they meant the founders of the family, who were prayed and sacrificed constantly. From time immemorial, the souls of ancestors were beguiled by the people, they were called upon to […]...
19. The First Turkish States With another neighbor, Turkey, the historical fate of Ukraine in the Middle Ages was closely linked. Around 1000, the nomadic tribes of the Seljuk Turks swept over Europe from the plains of Kazakhstan. They conquered Central Asia, Persia, Syria and Iraq, and soon – Armenia and Byzantium. In 1071, in battle near the fortress of […]...
20. Papal States A considerable part of Middle Italy was occupied by the papal state. Its capital was Rome. It wedged in between the northern and southern parts of Italy and became an additional obstacle to the unification of the country. The popes were haunted by the big feudal lords, who only in Rome had about 200 of […]...
21. Origin of the Russian literary language The literary Russian language began to take shape many centuries ago. Till now in a science there are disputes about its basis, about a role of the Church Slavic language in its origin. Russian language belongs to the Indo-European family. Its origins date back to the time of the existence and disintegration of the all-European […]...
22. Church of Western Europe in the 14th-15th centuries At the beginning of the XIV century. the political situation in Western Europe has radically changed. The process of centralization has become more active. National states began to form. The royal power subordinated to itself feudal nobility – secular and ecclesiastical. But the papacy, contrary to new tendencies, tried to defend and even strengthen its […]...
23. History on the map 1. How to use the historical map? Each event occurs not only at a certain time, but also in a certain place. Therefore, for historians it is important to navigate in space. For this purpose, Historical maps are used – reduced images of the earth’s surface, its parts or individual countries of the world. Historical […]...
24. Poland in the Middle Ages The Poles formed their state in the late 10th century. The first reliable Polish prince Mieszko I married a Czech princess Dubravka. He himself became a Catholic and turned all the Poles into Catholicism. His son Boleslaw I the Brave defeated the Germans who encroached on the Polish lands, and tried to capture the Old […]...
25. Interregnum. Austrian Duchy At the time of the Interregnum, the German throne was not empty: it was bought by foreign princes and monarchs. Nevertheless, there was no supreme power in the state. In Germany, there were about a hundred principalities, mostly bishops. All of them were independent of the emperor, and some in general were vassals of foreign […]...
26. Education of the Holy Roman Empire The eastern part of the empires of Charlemagne went to Louis the German as a separate kingdom, uniting the lands of four, in fact independent, duchies: Swabia, Bavaria, Franconia and Saxony. In Germany, the formation of the state takes place in the reign of Otto I, who, after defeating the Hungarians in 955 near Augsburg, […]...
27. The Vladimir-Suzdal Principality At the decline of the Middle Ages in Eastern Europe, a new state emerged and intensified, the Moscow state, with which historical destiny closely linked Ukraine. It was formed around Moscow, the first annalistic mention of which dates back to 1147. Rostov-Suzdal prince Yuri Dolgoruky, the youngest son of the Kiev prince Vladimir Monomakh, surrounded […]...
28. Roger Bacon and the emergence of experienced knowledge in the Middle Ages Scholastic approach to the knowledge of the surrounding world was not shared by all medieval scientists. After all, scholasticism called for believing authorities and learning the world through the book. Since the XIII century, there has been a deep interest in the study of nature and its phenomena. One of the first to insist on […]...
29. Merovingians. Clovis, King of the Franks During the Great Migration of Nations, the most powerful barbarian state in Western Europe created the Germanic tribes of the Franks. The first of their kings was the Merovingians. The origin of this dynasty is covered with legends, its founder, Merovey, was considered the son of two parents – the usual king and sea monster. […]...
30. The strengthening of the Moscow state in the 15th century The political successes of the Moscow principality, achieved during the reign of Dmitry Donskoy, were consolidated and developed by his successors. The son of Dmitry Donskoy, Prince Vasily I shortly after ascension to the throne annexed the principality of Nizhny Novgorod, as well as lands in the Vychegda river basin, populated by the Komi people. […]...
31. Biography of Alexander the Great Alexander of Macedon is the Macedonian king, the great commander, the founder of the Macedonian empire, better known in the west as Alexander the Great. Early years Alexander the Great was born in the autumn of 356 BC. e. in the capital of Ancient Macedonia – the city of Pella. Since childhood, the biography of […]...
32. Biography of Genghis Khan Genghis Khan is a Mongol khan, commander, founder and kagan of the Mongolian empire. Genghis Khan was born in a tract near the upper reaches of the Onon River. In the biography of Genghis Khan, it was not possible to establish exactly the year of his birth, since different sources indicate different dates. After his […]...
33. Aboriginal vocabulary Aboriginal vocabulary is the vocabulary of the Russian language, heterogeneous both in terms of the time of its origin and in its origin. Among the original Russian words, it is customary to distinguish several layers: the Common Indo-European, the All-Slavonic, the East Slavic and the Russian proper. The Common Indo-European lexical layer consists of the […]...
34. The emergence of medieval towns In the X-XI centuries. there is a revival of old and the emergence of new urban centers. This was predetermined by important economic processes, primarily the development of agriculture. During this period, the Bipolis spread, the production of grain and industrial crops increased, gardening, viticulture, gardening, livestock breeding developed. Surpluses of agricultural production peasants have […]...
35. Common questions to the country United States of America 1. Give examples of the diversity of nature in the United States. The nature of the US is extremely diverse. The climate varies from temperate in the north to tropical in the south. Natural areas are diverse in combinations of different animal species. Mountainous West and the Plain East differ in their natural landscapes. The […]...
36. The Battle of Neva and the Battle of Ice Russia, except the Mongols, threatened and other enemies: from the north, the Swedes and the Germans. Nineteen-year-old Alexander Yaroslavich, a Novgorod prince, in 1240 gamely repulsed the attack of the Swedes. The Swedish flotilla led by Jarl Birger entered the mouth of the Neva and was sent to Novgorod. Birger sent Alexander Yaroslavich a messenger […]...
37. Christianization of Europe At the end of the IV century. the emperors Constantine I and Theodosius I turned the Roman Empire into Christianity. At the same time, some barbarian tribes on the territory of the empire became Christians. At the end of the 5th c. baptized Francs, later – Visigoths, tribes of the Iberian Peninsula, Lombards, separate tribes […]...
38. Summary On the Western Front without changes Remarque EM Remarque On the Western Front without Change The height of the First World War. Germany already fights against France, Russia, England and America, Paul Boyer, on whose behalf the narrative is conducted, represents his fellow soldiers. Schoolchildren, peasants, fishermen, artisans of different ages gathered here. Rota lost almost half of the composition and nine […]...
39. Summary “On the Western Front without Change” Remarque The soldiers have supper nine kilometers from the front line. They are given double portions of food and tobacco, since after the last attack, eighty people returned from the battlefield instead of one hundred and fifty. For the first time the queue before “pishcheetom” lined up at lunch, after a night rest. It was the […]...
40. “On the Western Front without Change” Remark in brief summary The height of the First World War. Germany already fights against France, Russia, England and America, Paul Boyer, on whose behalf the narrative is conducted, represents his fellow soldiers. Schoolchildren, peasants, fishermen, artisans of different ages gathered here. Rota lost almost half of the composition and nine kilometers from the front rest after meeting with […]...