The most honorable place in the medieval society of Europe was occupied by the clergy. It was formed in the early Middle Ages, when Europe became Christian. The main duty of the clergy was to perform worship and church ordinances. The clergy were not homogeneous. It was divided into categories – spiritual dignities, from the … Read more
The first Carolingians were still majordomami with “lazy kings”. The most notable figure among them was Carl Martell. In 732, Carl Martell in the Battle of Poitiers defeated the Arabs and, perhaps, saved Europe from this Arab invasion. This battle convinced Karl Martell that it was time to replace the militiamen with warriors-horsemen in the … Read more
Literacy in North-Eastern Russia in the XIII-XV centuries. Special distribution has not received. In the monasteries and at the prince’s court they copied books, which were beautifully decorated. Wrote on parchment or on birch bark – birch. In the XIV century. in Russia there was a cheap paper. Russian travelers described Constantinople, and the Tver … Read more
A country Prominent figures Developments Byzantine Empire 1) Justinian and Theodora 2) Leo III Isaurus 3) The Macedonian dynasty 4) Vasily II The Bulgarian 5) the Comnen dynasty 6) the Paleologic dynasty 1) the code of Justinian The uprising of “Nika” Church of St. Sophia 2) iconoclasm 3) “Golden Age” of the empire; The flowering … Read more
In the vicinity of Moscow there are forests and groves, where the neighborhood of the city is not felt at all, only large planes pass through their highways in the sky… Narrow forest paths converge on large roads. The roads approach the outskirts of the city. New quarters appear between thin white birches, between gray … Read more
As inventions of the late 19th – early 20th century. changed people’s lives? In the second half of 19 – in the early 20 century. In Ukraine, important changes occurred in people’s daily lives, primarily due to the emergence of new modes of transport and new ways of transmitting information over long distances. It was … Read more
1. What is the value of the arms and seals for history? On coins, flags, pages of books, pictures, weapons, and sometimes on dishes and other objects, special conditional images happen. Sometimes such images are whimsical and complex: lions, leaning against city walls, eagles with outstretched wings and sharp claws, dragons and snakes, sabers, spears, … Read more
In Moscow, music lovers have long been loved. Therefore, long before the opening of the Imperial Bolshoi Theater, the rich noblemen created home theaters in their estates, where their own serf actors played. Representations could begin to dawn and lasted until darkness, until the host and his guests were satisfied with the play of the … Read more
Not only the Arabs, but also other peoples of the Caliphate who took up Islam, the Arabic language and writing took part in the formation of Arab culture. Successfully developed in the Arab world natural sciences: mathematics, astronomy, geography, medicine. Arab mathematicians have created algebra. In Baghdad and Damascus already in the IX. there were … Read more
Attacks of Scandinavians continued intermittently from the end of the VIII century. and until the second half of the 11th century. In France, the “northern people” were known under the name of the Normans, in England they were called the Danes, in Byzantium – varangas, in Russia – by the Varangians. In the Scandinavian warriors … Read more