The reign of Philip IV the Beautiful
The royal power was strengthened under Philip IV the Beautiful. He sought to expand his domain. The first marriage of Philip IV was married to Jeanne, the Queen of Navarre and the Countess de
Russian Peredvizhniki artists
At the head of the Russian national school of democratic painting in the second half of the XIX century were artists who united in the “Association of Traveling Art Exhibitions.” It included IN Kramskoy,
The Ukrainian Revolution of 1917. Mikhail Grushevsky
1. What event is called the Ukrainian revolution? When in 1917 in the capital of the Russian Empire Petrograd the power of the tsar was overthrown, Ukrainian parties and public organizations created the Ukrainian
The Italian policy of the German emperors
At the beginning of the XII century. The German Empire united the lands of modern Germany and Austria. Switzerland, Belgium, Holland, the Czech Republic, parts of France and Northern and Central Italy. It was
Chronology and periodization of the history of the Middle Ages
Human society is constantly developing, becoming more complex, improving. To better reflect this forward development, the scholars agreed to divide the world history into Periods. In the XVIII century. they singled out three such
The Ancient Kremlin
The Moscow Kremlin is the oldest part of Moscow, the main socio-political and historical and artistic complex of the capital’s center, the seat of the highest state authorities of the country. The Russian state
Papal States
A considerable part of Middle Italy was occupied by the papal state. Its capital was Rome. It wedged in between the northern and southern parts of Italy and became an additional obstacle to the
From the history of cinema
The world’s first cinematographic session took place on December 28, 1895 in Paris. “Moving photo” – the invention of the Lumiere brothers – was a great success. Now it seems to us that in
Italian city republics
Italy was more fortunate than other Western European countries. It better preserved the ancient heritage, the economic life was rampant, it became the center of the Catholic world. However, the political fate of her
The desire of the city of Laon to independence
A unique example of the irresistible desire of the city for independence is the history described in the chronicle of the abbot Guyiber Nogansky. It is about the struggle for self-government of the inhabitants