Townspeople of a new type. Marco Polo. Jacques Coeur

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1. Biography of Marco Polo Marco Polo is a traveler whose work The Book on the Diversity of the World has had a great impact on the research of Asian countries. Marco Polo was born in 1254 in Venice in a merchant family. The first journey in the biography of Marco Polo is in 1271. Then, together with his father […]...
2. Biography of Jean-Jacques Rousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau is a writer, composer, philosopher, developer of a direct form of government. Born Jean-Jacques June 28, 1712 in Geneva. Since childhood in his biography Jean Jacques Rousseau was fond of reading books. Mother died at birth, and when the father got married again, Jean-Jacques was sent to study to a notary, later to […]...
3. Biography of Jacques-Yves Cousteau Jacques-Yves Cousteau is a traveler, was born on June 11, 1910 in the town of Saint-André-de-Cubzac. In the biography of Cousteau, the naval school was completed in 1930, after which he served as a midshipman for a short time. After leaving naval training because of injuries, he settled in Toulon. Then Jacques-Yves seriously became interested […]...
4. Biography of Jacques Derrida Jacques Derrida is a famous French philosopher. Childhood and early years Jacques Elie Derrida, born in Al-Biar, Algeria, then a colony of France, was the third of five children in the family of Chaim Aaron Prosper Karl Derrida and Georgette Sultana Esther Safar. The boy’s parents had Sephardic roots. On the first day, Jacques was […]...
5. Biography of Jacques Louis David Jacques Louis David is a French artist. In fact, David was a dictator for his generation. Leaving far beyond the boundaries of paintings, his influence guided the style of fashion, furniture and interior design, and also reflected on the development of moral philosophy. Art throughout the biography of David was an unexpected, decisive destruction of […]...
6. Summary Confession Jean-Jacques Rousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau Confession “I told the truth: if anyone knows anything contrary to what is said here, he knows only lies and slander.” His first misfortune, the author of these lines, calls his own birth, which cost his mother’s life. The child grows, showing the shortcomings inherent in his age; “I was a chatterbox, gourmet, […]...
7. Summary of the “Confession” by Russo Jean-Jacques best But all that she does for him in this direction, in his own words, is lost work. The guy with his beloved arrived in Paris. Leo Nikolayevich thick in confession, the author’s own research is described subtly and intelligibly, Love, respect, sincere frankness were the creators of my celebration, depicts the genre of his meeting […]...
8. Church in the XIV-XV centuries In the XIV-XV centuries. The royal power grew very strong and took control of the local church. French King Philip IV Beautiful even moved the papal capital from Rome to the French city of Avignon. “Avignon Prisoner” Dad lasted 70 years. Back in the XIII century. the order of election was changed so that secular […]...
9. The Legacy of the Middle Ages The era of the Middle Ages is long gone. However, it should not be forgotten that it was in the Middle Ages that the foundation of the modern world was laid. The Middle Ages largely changed the map of Europe, since most European and Asian states arose. European nations were formed and languages ​​were formed, […]...
10. Philip IV the Beautiful. “The Iron King” Especially strengthened royal power in France under Philip IV the Beautiful. Favorably married, he took possession of the region of Champagne and the kingdom of Navarre beyond the Pyrenees, and then subdued to himself and the rich Flanders. However, the cities of Flanders soon rebelled and completely defeated in the so-called “Battle of Spurs” select […]...
11. Church of Western Europe in the 14th-15th centuries At the beginning of the XIV century. the political situation in Western Europe has radically changed. The process of centralization has become more active. National states began to form. The royal power subordinated to itself feudal nobility – secular and ecclesiastical. But the papacy, contrary to new tendencies, tried to defend and even strengthen its […]...
12. Completion of the Hundred Years War and the reunification of France The death of Joan of Arc, as the British had hoped, did not change the course of the war. The French troops continued to advance successfully. The Burgundian Duke, realizing the hopelessness of the position of the British, hastened to reconcile with the French king. In the spring of 1436 Charles VII took Paris. He […]...
13. The appearance of medieval towns In the X-XIII centuries. in Europe, like mushrooms after the rain, cities grew – special, not similar to the Roman, or, even more so, modern. First they appeared in Italy, later – in Southern France, even later – in the north of France, in the Netherlands, England, Germany, the countries of Scandinavia, Ireland, Hungary, the […]...
14. Development of knowledge in the Middle Ages. Alchemy Until the XIII century. Europeans drew knowledge mainly from the Bible and ordinary observations. This knowledge was not backed by experience, so it was often fantastic. For example, the world was represented to man in the form of three whales, which hold the Earth, inhabited by pesigolovtsami and other monsters. We thought that the “heavenly […]...
15. The reign of Philip IV the Beautiful The royal power was strengthened under Philip IV the Beautiful. He sought to expand his domain. The first marriage of Philip IV was married to Jeanne, the Queen of Navarre and the Countess de Champagne, thus joining these territories to France. The main purpose of Philip was to capture Geei and Gascony, still owned by […]...
16. Main events, facts and facts on the topic “India. China” in the tables The states of China in the Middle Ages Sui Dynasty Construction of the Grand Canal; An attempt to unite China. Tang Dynasty Administrative reform; Insurrection of the peasants. The Age of “Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms” Song Dynasty Unification of China; 1234 – the conquest of China by the Mongols Yuan Dynasty Accession of Tibet; […]...
17. Christianity and the Church at the dawn of the Middle Ages Christianity appeared in the Roman era, but the world religion became in the Middle Ages, when its organization – the church was formed and strengthened. At the dawn of the Middle Ages the Church hierarchy already existed. In the Western Roman Empire, the head of the church was the pope, and in the Eastern Roman […]...
18. Great Novgorod in the 10th-12th centuries Novgorod was founded among forests on the banks of the Volkhov River. With the formation of the Kiev state Novgorod land was included in its composition. At the end of the X century. Novgorod became the second largest city in Russia after Kiev. Through it was a well-known trade route “from the Varangians to the […]...
19. Hinduism is the religion of India In medieval India, Buddhism gave way to a much simpler and more accessible religion – Hinduism. Why did this happen? First of all, because Buddhism denied caste inequality and thus came into conflict with the whole of Indian reality. Hinduism is at the same time a religion and a great many religions. There are hundreds […]...
20. Trade and usury in medieval Europe Trade and craft were the economic basis of medieval cities. For a large part of the population this was the main occupation. In the XI-XV centuries. foreign, as well as transit, trade, which concentrated primarily in the two main European regions, developed significantly. One was the area of ​​the Mediterranean, where the trade routes that […]...
21. Byzantine society Byzantine society was very colorful: aristocrats, officials, intellectuals, clergy, merchants, artisans, peasants and slaves. Aristocrats performed certain public duties in combination with a pleasant rest. Mental labor involved employees of state and church institutions, that is, bureaucracy. The average and higher officialdom lived not so much at the expense of state fees, but at the […]...
22. Revival of trade in Europe in the 11th-15th centuries With the advent of cities in Europe in the XI-XV centuries. trade revived. It was the cities that formed the local market. Sometimes the cities were united in trade unions, the most powerful of which became in the XIII-XIV centuries. The Hansa. The Hansa included almost 80 cities of Northern Germany, the Baltic states and […]...
23. What is the “history of the Middle Ages”? Italian scientists back in the XV century. introduced the term “Middle Ages” or “Middle Ages”. They considered the Middle Ages a difficult page in European history, its “dark era.” Like, then, the high achievements of the Greco-Roman civilization were lost – people became uncultured, cruel, destroyed each other in numerous wars, and in their political […]...
24. The Nobility The appearance of medieval cities complicated the structure of society. In it new groups of the population appeared: craftsmen, merchants, Intellectuals, etc. Gradually the urban estate was formed, which had special rights and duties and played an increasing role in public life. In the XIV-XV centuries. chivalry replaced the nobility. He belonged to the highest […]...
25. The German Empire and the Papacy From the second half of the XI century. The important aspect of the political life of Germany was the relations between the state and the church. Emperor Henry IV dared to openly conflict with Pope Gregory VII, who forbade secular power to interfere with the appointment of bishops. Thus began the struggle for investment. It […]...
26. Papacy in the VI-XI centuries. Church split in 1054 g At the turn of the V-VI centuries. the positions of the papacy grew significantly as a result of the weakening of state power in Italy, as the country survived the conquest by the Ostrogoths, Byzantines, Lombards. In this situation, the popes were able to concentrate in their hands not only spiritual but also secular power. […]...
27. Knight-monastic orders Crusaders with great difficulty succeeded in retaining power over the conquered population. The weakness of the positions of the Crusaders in the East prompted the papacy to create there knights-monastic orders. The knights entering them gave three monastic vows: poverty, obedience and celibacy. Their main task was to fight against the enemies of Christianity. To […]...
28. Southern Italy and Sicily in the XII-XV. “Sicilian Vespers” In 1130 the Norman Duke Roger II, ruler of the south of Italy and Sicily, received from the pope the title of king. So there was a Sicilian kingdom. Formally, Roger II and his heirs were considered vassals of the pope, but in fact the Sicilian kingdom was a completely independent state. The Sicilian kingdom […]...
29. Universities of medieval Europe On the basis of several good schools there were universities. The first universities appeared in the XII century. in Bologna and Paris. Later, universities also appeared in other countries: Oxford and Cambridge in England, Salamansky in Spain, Prague in the Czech Republic, Krakowski in Poland, etc. At the end of the 15th century, in Europe […]...
30. Legacy of the Middle Ages People study the past in order to better understand the present, make fewer annoying mistakes and, as far as possible, foresee the future. But does the Middle Ages have any relation to the present? It turns out, has, and the most direct. It was in the Middle Ages that modern states and peoples appeared in […]...
31. The beginning of a religious war. Prerequisites of the Crusades 1096-1270 biennium In the middle of the XI century. Pope Gregory VII with an iron hand brought order in the Catholic Church. He resolutely demanded that kings and big feudal lords should not interfere in church affairs, and that the popes and bishops should choose the clergy. The pope claimed that monarchs should be his vassals and […]...
32. The main sources on the history of the Middle Ages The history of the Middle Ages is studied using numerous historical sources: architectural landmarks, material monuments, written historical sources, ethnographic sources, etc. The preserved architectural monuments seem to transfer us to the distant past. And today in many cities of Europe you can see old churches and cathedrals, castles and fortress walls, as well as […]...
33. The emergence of medieval towns In the X-XI centuries. there is a revival of old and the emergence of new urban centers. This was predetermined by important economic processes, primarily the development of agriculture. During this period, the Bipolis spread, the production of grain and industrial crops increased, gardening, viticulture, gardening, livestock breeding developed. Surpluses of agricultural production peasants have […]...
34. The Magna Carta and the emergence of the English Parliament King John, as a result of the unsuccessful war for England with Philip II August, lost in France most of the patrimonial possessions of the Plantagenets. Therefore, contemporaries called John a derogatory nickname Landless. Military defeat, the constant extortion of “shield money” caused the subjects genuine hatred for the king. The situation was aggravated by […]...
35. Migration, epidemics, war and famine in the Middle Ages In the Middle Ages Europe was inhabited by Greeks, Romance peoples, Celts, Thracians, Germans, Balts, Slavs, Finno-Ugrians, and Asian and African minorities. In the V-XI centuries. the tribes and peoples of Europe have already sufficiently mixed up among themselves. Medieval people were restless. The merchants, schoolchildren, students, beggars, tramps, monks, pilgrims, masters, artists, singers, etc., […]...
36. Chronological framework and periodization of the history of the Middle Ages The Middle Ages are an epoch in the history of Europe, spanning over a thousand years. The beginning of the Middle Ages is considered to be 476, when the leader of the Germans Odoakr defeated the last Roman Emperor Romulus Augustul. The Middle Ages ended in 1492 with the discovery of America. In the history […]...
37. Composition “Paris” Paris is the capital of France, its economic and cultural center. It is located in the northern part of central France, on the banks of the River Seine. Paris is considered one of the most beautiful cities in the world, and certainly the most romantic. The city is full of attractions and tourist attractions, including […]...
38. The concept of “the history of the Middle Ages” The concept of “Middle Ages” appeared in everyday life in the XV century. in the environment of Italian humanists. From literary sources it is known that it was the historian Flavio Biondo, when working on the “History of the Fall of Rome,” began to use the notion of the “Middle Ages”. The humanists perceived their […]...
39. “Magna Carta”. King John the Landless Henry II left his heirs strong royal power. But right after his death they faced serious challenges. The war with France, England, in the end, lost. The scapegoats for this and other setbacks were made by the barons of John the Landless, the youngest son of Henry II. This king, as luck would have, quarreled […]...
40. Chronology and periodization of the history of the Middle Ages Human society is constantly developing, becoming more complex, improving. To better reflect this forward development, the scholars agreed to divide the world history into Periods. In the XVIII century. they singled out three such periods: “antiquity”, “medievalism” and “new time”. To them was later added a fourth, “new” period. In this chain of periods in […]...