The authorities and statehood of the Germans

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1. Roman and barbarian worlds in the middle of the first millennium The collapse of the Roman Empire, on whose ruins medieval Europe was born, was caused by a prolonged decline in the economy. Agriculture and crafts did not develop, land was not cultivated. The power of the emperors gradually weakened. The crisis deepened in the spiritual life of the Roman state. Together with the elimination of […]...
2. Monarchy, kings. Charlemagne Settled on the territory of the Roman Empire, the Germans found there a more perfect than theirs, the state system, their leaders liked the powerful power of the emperors. But the German kings, future kings, could not immediately abandon the people’s congregation and the council of elders. To create a state with strong power, the […]...
3. Scandinavian states of the Middle Ages At the end of IX c. Vikings from Norway settled on a large treeless island. They called it Iceland – “The Land of Ice”. The climate in Iceland was very unfavorable for agriculture, but the presence of fat pastures allowed to graze livestock. Soon the entire coast of Iceland was dotted with the hamlets of […]...
4. Anglo-Saxon kingdoms In the early fifth century. the Roman troops permanently left Britain, inhabited then by the Celtic tribes. The dust had not yet settled behind them, and the German tribes of the Angles, Saxons, Utes had already come to Britain and unceremoniously settled on the land of the owners. VIII century. From the work of the […]...
5. The emergence of medieval Europe. Roman and barbarian worlds in the middle of the first millennium Medieval Europe arose on the ruins of the Roman Empire not immediately, but for several centuries. It was formed as a result of the invasion of barbarian tribes, and above all Germanic tribes. These invasions completed the long process of unification of the Roman and barbarian worlds. How could these unlinky worlds come together, which […]...
6. Christianity in the early Middle Ages At the beginning of the Middle Ages, Christianity for almost two centuries was the official religion of the Roman Empire. Support for the church by the state contributed to its administrative and economic strengthening. From the middle of the IV century. there is a certain difference in the relations between church and state in the […]...
7. Estate monarchy In the XII century. the royal power appreciably strengthened. There were several reasons for such changes. The need for a strong royal power was felt by the petty and average feudal lords, who sought protection from power seniors. In addition, the feudal lords sought to increase profits. However, direct pressure on the peasants could lead […]...
8. Merovingians. Clovis, King of the Franks During the Great Migration of Nations, the most powerful barbarian state in Western Europe created the Germanic tribes of the Franks. The first of their kings was the Merovingians. The origin of this dynasty is covered with legends, its founder, Merovey, was considered the son of two parents – the usual king and sea monster. […]...
9. Conquest and loss of Italy. Friedrich I of Barbarossa. Frederick II Northern and Middle Italy for visibility was part of the Holy Roman Empire. She showed obedience to the emperor only when he sent his troops there. In general, it had to be conquered from time to time. The emperors did not spare any forces or means, because they were eager to reign over the Christian […]...
10. Mr. Veliky Novgorod Vladimir-Suzdal princes tried to extend their power to the entire North-East Russia, but could not conquer the Novgorodians. Novgorod is situated on the Volkhov River. It was inhabited by colonists, trappers, fishermen, warriors-traders-people of restless disposition. They carried out hunting raids and military raids on eastern lands – up to the White Sea and the […]...
11. Medieval Kingdom The process of origin and formation of medieval states was long and difficult. Its origins come from the period of the disintegration of the tribal system among the Germanic tribes. In those days, the attributes of power – the crown and the scepter – were not yet there, so the chosen among the other warriors […]...
12. Germany at the end of the Middle Ages. The German Empire of the 14th-15th centuries The dynasty of the Habsburgs did not remain in power for long. At the beginning of the XIV century. the feudal lords elected King Henry VII of Luxembourg. He founded the Luxembourg dynasty, which persistently tried to conquer Italy, quarreled with the popes. All this, in the end, fed up with the princes. To the […]...
13. Summary Banyan D John Banyan (Benyang, Benyang, Bunyan, English John Bunyan; November 28, 1628, Elstow – August 31, 1688, London) is an English writer, a Protestant preacher. John Bunyan, who was called “Shakespeare among preachers,” was born in Elstow (a small village in the center of England), in Bedford, where he spent most of his life. Formal education […]...
14. Christianity and the Church at the dawn of the Middle Ages Christianity appeared in the Roman era, but the world religion became in the Middle Ages, when its organization – the church was formed and strengthened. At the dawn of the Middle Ages the Church hierarchy already existed. In the Western Roman Empire, the head of the church was the pope, and in the Eastern Roman […]...
15. Papal power. The split of the Christian church In the fifth and sixth centuries, taking advantage of the lack of strong state power in Italy, the papacy intensified. The popes became not only spiritual, but also secular lords of the Roman Diocese. In 756, Italy even formed a special Papal State, partially preserved until now. Gregory I the Great made a great deal […]...
16. The Spiritual World of Northern European Nations in the Middle Ages The Scandinavians were pagans. Their mythology is a collection of stories about the warlike gods who lived in Asgard – the Scandinavian Olympus. In Asgard, three major gods dominated – One, Thor and Freyr. The Supreme God was One – the god of war and wisdom. He was one-eyed, because he gave the second eye […]...
17. The beginning of a religious war. Prerequisites of the Crusades 1096-1270 biennium In the middle of the XI century. Pope Gregory VII with an iron hand brought order in the Catholic Church. He resolutely demanded that kings and big feudal lords should not interfere in church affairs, and that the popes and bishops should choose the clergy. The pope claimed that monarchs should be his vassals and […]...
18. Biography of Simon Petliura Simon Vasilyevich Petlyura – political, military leader of Ukraine, who heads the Directory of the Ukrainian People’s Republic. Simon Petliura was born in Poltava on May 5, 1879. Educated in the seminary of Poltava. 1900 in Petliura’s biography is designated by joining the revolutionary Ukrainian party. Since then, he began active party activities. A little […]...
19. Biography of Alexy II Patriarch Alexy II – Patriarch of Moscow, All Russia, Bishop of the Russian Orthodox Church. Already in his early childhood, Alexei II’s biography showed a desire to help people, to serve as a priest. At the age of 15 he became a clergyman of the archbishop, then an altar boy, a psalmist. He studied at […]...
20. Papacy in the VI-XI centuries. Church split in 1054 g At the turn of the V-VI centuries. the positions of the papacy grew significantly as a result of the weakening of state power in Italy, as the country survived the conquest by the Ostrogoths, Byzantines, Lombards. In this situation, the popes were able to concentrate in their hands not only spiritual but also secular power. […]...
21. The Frankish state of Merovingians In the middle of the V century. On the territory of modern Belgium arose the kingdom of seaside francs. In 481, their king became Clovis, of the sort of the legendary King of Merovei. In honor of him, the dynasty of Frankish kings in the first half of the VIII cc. called the Merovingians. The […]...
22. Rajputs Rajputs were the descendants of nomadic tribal leaders from Central Asia. They lived mainly in Rajputana. Many of the princes of India also took their place. These Indian knights neglected the work of farmers, artisans and traders and engaged exclusively in hunting and military affairs, which they learned almost from their diapers. They did not […]...
23. Biography of Roman Trakhtenberg Roman Lvovich Trachtenberg is a showman, humorist, actor, presenter, writer. Roman was born on September 28, 1968 in Leningrad. When Roman turned a year, his mother, Tatyana Lvovna, divorced Lev Shcheglov. So Roman grew up with his stepfather and took his name – Trachtenberg. He worn this surname until he came of age, and later […]...
24. Chronological framework and periodization of the history of the Middle Ages The Middle Ages are an epoch in the history of Europe, spanning over a thousand years. The beginning of the Middle Ages is considered to be 476, when the leader of the Germans Odoakr defeated the last Roman Emperor Romulus Augustul. The Middle Ages ended in 1492 with the discovery of America. In the history […]...
25. Composition “Respect for elders” How many people lived in the world, so many they supported these traditions, and besides created new ones. Such as, for example, the tradition of respect for elders. And it seems to me that she appeared somehow by herself, just during the conversation. Respect for elders is not a ritual that repeats only a few […]...
26. Germany – the next empire. Otto I the Great The territory of Germany, inhabited by German, Roman and Slavic tribes, was first part of the Frankish Empire. After this empire fell, the local feudal lords elected Henry I as their king in 919. Germany, thus, became a separate state, but divided into several large self-governing regions: Alemania, Bavaria, Franconia and Saxony. After Henry I, […]...
27. The Birth of Byzantium In 330, Emperor Constantine made the capital of the Roman Empire the city of Byzantium, located on the picturesque shores of the Bosphorus. The new capital was first called New Rome, and later – Constantinople, that is, “the city of Constantine.” VI Art. From the report of the medieval historian Jordan about the visit to […]...
28. Burgerry in medieval Europe The townspeople were divided into burghers and non-burghers. By Burghers from the XI-XIII centuries. called full-fledged townspeople who elected and could be elected to the organs of city government. Only one who had a mansion or a workshop in the city became a Burgess. All other townspeople belonged to the non-burghers: servants of burghers, apprentices, […]...
29. Feudal fragmentation During the reign of the Carolingians, the state system became more complex and ramified, but it remained imperfect. Charlemagne tried to prevent the excessive autonomy of his officials. He eliminated the position of the Dukes, who led the conquered large tribes. The whole territory of the state was divided into almost 200 counties. They were […]...
30. Papal States A considerable part of Middle Italy was occupied by the papal state. Its capital was Rome. It wedged in between the northern and southern parts of Italy and became an additional obstacle to the unification of the country. The popes were haunted by the big feudal lords, who only in Rome had about 200 of […]...
31. Marriage and children in the Middle Ages At the dawn of the Middle Ages, marriages in Europe were influenced by Roman and barbarous traditions. Thus, Roman law legalized early marriages – from the age of 12, but until the end of the Middle Ages, the marriage age in Europe increased by several years. Traditions of the barbarians, unlike the ancient, allowed marriages […]...
32. Strengthening of royal power in France In the X century. the western part of the former empire of Charlemagne was already called, not by Gaul, but by France. But France was not a centralized state at that time. In the IX-X centuries. it was the first in Western Europe to split into a number of independent possessions – the duchies of […]...
33. Biography of Antonio Canova Antonio Canova is an Italian sculptor. Biography Kanova known as the history of one of the leading representatives of the neoclassical school. His influence on the art of those times was enormous. Monumental sculptures, Antonio Canova bas-reliefs are executed with elegance, brilliance, and cleanliness of outlines. The first significant authority, which was given to the […]...
34. Judicial power in medieval Europe Medieval Europe lived by written laws. At the dawn of the Middle Ages in the territory of the former Roman Empire, the court was carried out according to the collections of laws – barbaric “truths”. The “truths” clearly reflected the legal inequality of various social groups. Romanesque population adhered to the norms of Roman Law, […]...
35. Reconquista and the formation of the Spanish kingdom At the beginning of the VIII century. almost the entire Iberian peninsula – the birthplace of the Spaniards and Portuguese – conquered the Arabs. Conquerors oppressed Christians, but at the same time acquainted them with the high achievements of Eastern culture. The population of the peninsula soon rebelled against the invaders. This liberation struggle, which […]...
36. Transport and communications in medieval Europe Although the royal authority also cared about the construction of roads, without which it was impossible to reliably manage the state, the road network in medieval Europe was disgusting. Cobbled roads were a rarity. The majority of the roads of that time are ordinary paths traversed through fields and meadows and laid in forest thickets. […]...
37. Hungary in the Middle Ages The lands between the rivers Tisza and the Danube were inhabited long ago by Slavic tribes and, perhaps, by the ancestors of modern Romanians and Moldavians. At the end of IX c. there were migrated through the Carpathians Ugrians, who were pressed from the southern Russian steppes of the Pechenegs. They defeated the Great Moravian […]...
38. The Hungarian Kingdom On the lands of the middle Danubian – the territory of modern Hungary Hungarian tribes came in 896. At the head of the Hungarian tribes stood the leader Arpad. It is with him that the princely, and later the first royal dynasty of Hungary – Arpadovichi begins. The entire first half of the X century. […]...
39. Definition of a myth Myth – (from the Greek mythos – legend – legend), a narrative about gods, spirits, deified heroes and ancestors, originated in primitive society. The myths intertwine the early elements of religion, philosophy, science and art. Myths of different peoples have similar and repetitive themes and motives. The most typical myths about the origin of the […]...
40. Carolingians. Karl Martell, Pepin the Short, Charlemagne. Reconstituted Empire The first Carolingians were still majordomami with “lazy kings”. The most notable figure among them was Carl Martell. In 732, Carl Martell in the Battle of Poitiers defeated the Arabs and, perhaps, saved Europe from this Arab invasion. This battle convinced Karl Martell that it was time to replace the militiamen with warriors-horsemen in the […]...