Even the oldest Indians were divided into four Varna: brahmanas, kshatriyas, vaisyas and sudras. Everyone was respected depending on which of the varna he belonged to. The one who did not belong to any of the varnas was considered “untouchable” and treated worse than with the cattle. In the Middle Ages, varna began to split … Read more
Population growth caused the overpopulation of many territories in Europe, where there was an acute shortage of land. The lack of land frightened those who worked on it, the specter of hunger. Therefore, many peasants, leaving their native land, settled in cities or sought vacant land on the outskirts of Europe. Such lands were still … Read more
In the middle of the XIV century. The Ottoman Turks implemented their first conquests in the Balkans. First they enslaved Bulgaria, then attacked Serbia. In 1389, an unequal battle took place on the Kosovo Field between Serbian knights and more numerous Turkish troops. In this battle, both the Serbian king Lazar and the Turkish sultan … Read more
At the beginning of the XIII century. the state of the Jurden has weakened noticeably. The South Song Empire was preparing to regain its northern lands. However, these plans did not come true because a new formidable force arose-the Mongols, led by Genghis Khan. South Song sent envoys and military advisers to Genghis Khan. They … Read more
The dynasty of the Habsburgs did not remain in power for long. At the beginning of the XIV century. the feudal lords elected King Henry VII of Luxembourg. He founded the Luxembourg dynasty, which persistently tried to conquer Italy, quarreled with the popes. All this, in the end, fed up with the princes. To the … Read more
Timur was born into the family of a Mongolian nobleman. He grew up brave and strong warrior. At the age of 26, due to injury, he became a cripple: his right leg did not bend at the knee, and his arm – at the elbow. Since then, Timur was called the “Iron Lame” – Tamerlane. … Read more
At the end of the XII century. The Ghaznavid state was conquered by Mohammed Guri. But this time the Muslims, after the robbery of the Indian territories, did not turn back, but began to assert their domination in the Ganga’s share and advance deeper into India. In 1206, after the death of Muhammad Guri, one … Read more
In 1451, the sultan became Mehmed II, who was nicknamed the Conqueror. He was a clever, educated, power-hungry, cruel and very insidious man. Mehmed II mastered in 1453 Constantinople, made it the capital of his state and renamed Istanbul. In Istanbul there lived not only Turks, but also Greeks, Armenians, Jews and representatives of other … Read more
Byzantium re-entered its “golden age”. From free peasants, she created a well-trained and armed army, built a strong fleet. However, she was constantly feverish: the struggle for the throne did not stop, quarrels among themselves, people’s riots and uprisings broke out, heretical movements arose. At the beginning of the VIII century. oil in the fire … Read more
The clothing of people of the early Middle Ages was surprisingly monotonous. There were no big differences in the clothes of a nobleman and peasant, male and female clothes. It was based on short trousers and a linen shirt to the knees. Also put on another top shirt made of dense fabric, just below the … Read more