The royal power was strengthened under Philip IV the Beautiful. He sought to expand his domain. The first marriage of Philip IV was married to Jeanne, the Queen of Navarre and the Countess de Champagne, thus joining these territories to France. The main purpose of Philip was to capture Geei and Gascony, still owned by … Read more
At the head of the Russian national school of democratic painting in the second half of the XIX century were artists who united in the “Association of Traveling Art Exhibitions.” It included IN Kramskoy, IE Repin, VI Surikov, VG Perov, VD Polenov, AK Savrasov, II Shishkin, VM Vasnetsov, AI Kuindzhi, II Levitan and others. They … Read more
1. What event is called the Ukrainian revolution? When in 1917 in the capital of the Russian Empire Petrograd the power of the tsar was overthrown, Ukrainian parties and public organizations created the Ukrainian Central Rada. It was headed by Mikhail Grushevsky. The Central Rada elected the government – the General Secretariat headed by Vladimir … Read more
At the beginning of the XII century. The German Empire united the lands of modern Germany and Austria. Switzerland, Belgium, Holland, the Czech Republic, parts of France and Northern and Central Italy. It was a collection of separate territories, which, in effect, were controlled by independent secular and ecclesiastical princes. Emerging from the crisis of … Read more
Human society is constantly developing, becoming more complex, improving. To better reflect this forward development, the scholars agreed to divide the world history into Periods. In the XVIII century. they singled out three such periods: “antiquity”, “medievalism” and “new time”. To them was later added a fourth, “new” period. In this chain of periods in … Read more
The Moscow Kremlin is the oldest part of Moscow, the main socio-political and historical and artistic complex of the capital’s center, the seat of the highest state authorities of the country. The Russian state shows constant concern for the precious ensemble-monument. In 1973, the restoration of the Kremlin began, which is now complete. The ancient … Read more
A considerable part of Middle Italy was occupied by the papal state. Its capital was Rome. It wedged in between the northern and southern parts of Italy and became an additional obstacle to the unification of the country. The popes were haunted by the big feudal lords, who only in Rome had about 200 of … Read more
The world’s first cinematographic session took place on December 28, 1895 in Paris. “Moving photo” – the invention of the Lumiere brothers – was a great success. Now it seems to us that in the cinema there is nothing unusual, everything is so simple. But to come up with this simple way of representing reality, … Read more
Italy was more fortunate than other Western European countries. It better preserved the ancient heritage, the economic life was rampant, it became the center of the Catholic world. However, the political fate of her was unenviable. The country went to one conqueror, then another – Lombards, Byzantines, Franks, Arabs, Normans. The cities did not contribute … Read more
A unique example of the irresistible desire of the city for independence is the history described in the chronicle of the abbot Guyiber Nogansky. It is about the struggle for self-government of the inhabitants of the northern French city of Laon – the property of Bishop Godry, famous for his stinginess and ruthlessness. In 1108, … Read more