Early Renaissance and Humanism in Italy XIV-XV centuries

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1. Early Humanism and the Renaissance In the XIV century. In the culture of Italian cities, the tendencies that witnessed the beginning of a new era, later called the Renaissance, began to be traced. The basis of the Renaissance culture was Humanism, which originated in the XIV century. in Italy, and XV XVI centuries. spread throughout Europe. The followers of this […]...
2. Humanism of the Renaissance By the middle of the 14th century, a new philosophical trend was emerging in Europe – humanism, which marked a new era in the development of human society called the Renaissance. Medieval Europe in those days was under a heavy burden of church prejudice, every free thought was brutally suppressed. It was at that time […]...
3. Southern Italy and Sicily in the 11th-13th centuries The historical fate of Southern Italy and Sicily was different. These areas in the XI century. conquered the Normans, who formed the Sicilian kingdom there. The feudal nobility in the kingdom existed, but the kings held it under their control. At the beginning of the XIII century. The Sicilian kingdom was given to Frederick II, […]...
4. Christianity in the early Middle Ages At the beginning of the Middle Ages, Christianity for almost two centuries was the official religion of the Roman Empire. Support for the church by the state contributed to its administrative and economic strengthening. From the middle of the IV century. there is a certain difference in the relations between church and state in the […]...
5. Papacy in the VI-XI centuries. Church split in 1054 g At the turn of the V-VI centuries. the positions of the papacy grew significantly as a result of the weakening of state power in Italy, as the country survived the conquest by the Ostrogoths, Byzantines, Lombards. In this situation, the popes were able to concentrate in their hands not only spiritual but also secular power. […]...
6. Composition “Humanism” Humanity in our times has become a rare phenomenon. Some people do not even know what the word means. In general, in Latin translation, humanity means humanity, that is, the ability to respect and recognize the values ​​of humanity, the dignity of each individual. To make sure that modern society is very far from humanity, […]...
7. Conquest and loss of Italy. Friedrich I of Barbarossa. Frederick II Northern and Middle Italy for visibility was part of the Holy Roman Empire. She showed obedience to the emperor only when he sent his troops there. In general, it had to be conquered from time to time. The emperors did not spare any forces or means, because they were eager to reign over the Christian […]...
8. Germany at the end of the Middle Ages. The German Empire of the 14th-15th centuries The dynasty of the Habsburgs did not remain in power for long. At the beginning of the XIV century. the feudal lords elected King Henry VII of Luxembourg. He founded the Luxembourg dynasty, which persistently tried to conquer Italy, quarreled with the popes. All this, in the end, fed up with the princes. To the […]...
9. European culture of the early Middle Ages At the heart of medieval culture is a combination of ancient heritage and traditions of barbarian peoples. Christianity fell by force, which managed to unite them. At the turn of the V-VI centuries. the center of cultural and spiritual development was the Ostrogothic Kingdom in Italy. The outstanding personality of the “Ost-Goth Revival” was the […]...
10. Stormy VII-XI centuries of Byzantium. Iconoclasm Byzantium re-entered its “golden age”. From free peasants, she created a well-trained and armed army, built a strong fleet. However, she was constantly feverish: the struggle for the throne did not stop, quarrels among themselves, people’s riots and uprisings broke out, heretical movements arose. At the beginning of the VIII century. oil in the fire […]...
11. Germany in the 14th-15th centuries Germany XIV-XV centuries. was distinguished by rapid development of cities, crafts and trade. This was facilitated by the favorable location of the country – at the crossroads of international trade routes. At the beginning of the XIV century. in Germany there were about 3500 cities. However, the development of the economy was significantly hampered by […]...
12. Byzantium in the 12th-15th centuries Foreign political failures intensified internal turmoil in the Byzantine Empire. In the course of the struggle for power, the military aristocracy won, which led Alexei I Komnin to the path. He became the founder of the Komnin dynasty, which ruled the state until 1185. It was a brilliant period in the history of Byzantium. Unlike […]...
13. Development of Russian culture in the 14th-15th centuries The Mongol invasion and the establishment of the Golden Horde yoke inflicted irreparable loss on the culture of Russia. Hundreds of talented artisans were killed and taken prisoner, which led to the decline of handicraft activities, and the crafts of individual species disappeared. Many architectural monuments were destroyed. Due to lack of funds and masters […]...
14. Church in the XIV-XV centuries In the XIV-XV centuries. The royal power grew very strong and took control of the local church. French King Philip IV Beautiful even moved the papal capital from Rome to the French city of Avignon. “Avignon Prisoner” Dad lasted 70 years. Back in the XIII century. the order of election was changed so that secular […]...
15. England in the XIV-XV centuries. The War of the Roses and the White Roses In 1348, the English people experienced an epidemic of plague – “black death”, which claimed almost a third of the country’s population. Feudal lords, rich merchants and craftsmen faced the problem of shortage of workers and preservation of old wages. To satisfy their interests, royal power in the second half of the XIV century. issued […]...
16. Church of Western Europe in the 14th-15th centuries At the beginning of the XIV century. the political situation in Western Europe has radically changed. The process of centralization has become more active. National states began to form. The royal power subordinated to itself feudal nobility – secular and ecclesiastical. But the papacy, contrary to new tendencies, tried to defend and even strengthen its […]...
17. The German offensive to the east in the 12th-14th centuries Gradual spread of German settlements to the east was observed in the VIII century. and significantly intensified in the XII century, when, as a result of a long and brutal struggle, the German feudal lords captured the territories of the Polabian Slavs – the obedrites and the Lyutichs. The Margrave of Brandenburg, the Duchies of […]...
18. Southern Italy and Sicily in the XII-XV. “Sicilian Vespers” In 1130 the Norman Duke Roger II, ruler of the south of Italy and Sicily, received from the pope the title of king. So there was a Sicilian kingdom. Formally, Roger II and his heirs were considered vassals of the pope, but in fact the Sicilian kingdom was a completely independent state. The Sicilian kingdom […]...
19. English Society XIV-XV centuries In English society, there have been some changes. There was an increasing interest in trade, especially overseas, so shipbuilding flourished. Most of the nobles no longer considered entrepreneurship something shameful, they learned how to manage the economy in a new way and increasingly became like the bourgeoisie of cities. But there were also “old” noblemen […]...
20. Culture essay Culture. How often do we hear this word, what is its meaning and what does it mean? The culture of speech, the cultural man, the culture of nutrition, etc. There are many definitions of this concept, for example: “Culture is human activity in its most diverse manifestations, including all forms and ways of human self-expression […]...
21. Byzantium in the VII-XI centuries. Iconoclasm At the turn of the VI-VII centuries. Byzantium quickly lost part of its possessions, both in the West and in the East. In the middle of the VII century. The Byzantine territory was halved compared to the time of Justinian. Now it increasingly took the form of a medieval state. Instead of the Roman title […]...
22. “The onslaught on the East.” German Crusades against the Slavs XII-XIII centuries German feudal lords did not receive anything in the Muslim East in the Crusades. Aspirations to increase their possessions they lacked – Germany seemed to them close. Therefore, while the emperors fought with Italy and quarreled with the popes, the feudal lords carried out an “onslaught on the East” – populated the lands in the […]...
23. Culture of North-Eastern Russia XIII-XV centuries Literacy in North-Eastern Russia in the XIII-XV centuries. Special distribution has not received. In the monasteries and at the prince’s court they copied books, which were beautifully decorated. Wrote on parchment or on birch bark – birch. In the XIV century. in Russia there was a cheap paper. Russian travelers described Constantinople, and the Tver […]...
24. Christianity and the Church at the dawn of the Middle Ages Christianity appeared in the Roman era, but the world religion became in the Middle Ages, when its organization – the church was formed and strengthened. At the dawn of the Middle Ages the Church hierarchy already existed. In the Western Roman Empire, the head of the church was the pope, and in the Eastern Roman […]...
25. The Crusades of the 11th-13th centuries The growth of the political influence of the papacy was particularly evident in the organization of the Crusades to the East. At the end of the XI century. Christian pilgrims lost the opportunity to freely pilgrimage to the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem, because the city was captured by the Seljuk Turks who professed Islam. The […]...
26. Kamenetz-Podolsky fortress. Secrets of the Castles of the 15th-16th centuries 1. What is the strongest fortress in Ukraine? An outstanding monument of the defensive architecture of Ukraine is the Kamenetz-Podolsk fortress. The complex of its structures on the high rocky bank of the Smotrych River was formed over the centuries. The fortress was one of the most impregnable defensive structures of Podillia. The Turkish traveler […]...
27. Revival of trade in Europe in the 11th-15th centuries With the advent of cities in Europe in the XI-XV centuries. trade revived. It was the cities that formed the local market. Sometimes the cities were united in trade unions, the most powerful of which became in the XIII-XIV centuries. The Hansa. The Hansa included almost 80 cities of Northern Germany, the Baltic states and […]...
28. Inventions of the late 19th – early 20th century As inventions of the late 19th – early 20th century. changed people’s lives? In the second half of 19 – in the early 20 century. In Ukraine, important changes occurred in people’s daily lives, primarily due to the emergence of new modes of transport and new ways of transmitting information over long distances. It was […]...
29. Culture is a measure of the human in man Culture is a measure of the human in a person, a characteristic of his own development, as well as the development of society, its interaction with nature. The problem of the human dimension was noticed in antiquity. Protagoras said: “Man is the measure of all things – existing, that they exist, not existing, that they […]...
30. Why a person is defined as the highest value of a democratic society Of all that exists in the world, the most valuable and important for a person is the person himself. Even the ancient Greeks with the mouth of the philosopher Protagoras said: “Man is the measure of everything.” Only man is endowed with developed abilities to comprehend and transform the surrounding world on the basis of […]...
31. The concept of “the history of the Middle Ages” The concept of “Middle Ages” appeared in everyday life in the XV century. in the environment of Italian humanists. From literary sources it is known that it was the historian Flavio Biondo, when working on the “History of the Fall of Rome,” began to use the notion of the “Middle Ages”. The humanists perceived their […]...
32. Great Novgorod in the 10th-12th centuries Novgorod was founded among forests on the banks of the Volkhov River. With the formation of the Kiev state Novgorod land was included in its composition. At the end of the X century. Novgorod became the second largest city in Russia after Kiev. Through it was a well-known trade route “from the Varangians to the […]...
33. Summary Corinne, or Italy Madame de Stal Corinne, or Italy Lord Oswald Nelvil is going to spend the winter in Italy and at the end of 1794 leaves Edinburgh. Handsome, with a noble appearance, he is endowed with a great mind and in his twenty-five years owns a solid income. But despite the brilliant position in society, Lord Nelvil […]...
34. “Corinne, or Italy” by M. de Stael in brief Lord Oswald Nelvil is going to spend the winter in Italy and at the end of 1794 he leaves Edinburgh. Handsome, with a noble appearance, he is endowed with a great mind and in his twenty-five years owns a solid income. But despite the brilliant position in society, Lord Nelvil is burdened with life. He […]...
35. The Chinese Empire in the III-XII centuries At the end of the II century. the uprising of the “yellow bandages” caused the Khan Empire an irreparable blow and in 220 it broke up into three states. In 280, the ruler of one of them, Sima Yan, united under his authority all of China and founded the Jin Empire. However, she was not […]...
36. Everyday life in Russia in the XIII-XV centuries. Home, clothes, food In XIII – XV centuries. noble people in Russia lived for the most part in the mansion – two or three-story buildings, first wooden, and later – stone, with porches and teremami. They were surrounded by tall wooden fences with gates and wickets. In the center of the courtyard, apart from the choir itself, there […]...
37. Summary of “Tales of Italy” Just want to apologize, but for all the fairy tales until the materials we could not find: ( Near the pile of rubble near the road sits a black worker like a beetle with a medal on his chest. He tells the passerby that the medal was for the construction of the Simplon tunnel, during […]...
38. Composition on “Early Spring” Early spring is a beautiful season, signaling the end of the harshest season – winter. The temperature in the street during the day rises above 0 degrees. The sun starts to heat more strongly, and so it would be desirable to stop in a silent corner where there is no wind, and to get warm […]...
39. Why did children grow up so early in the war? Children and war. What adult, hitting the war, would have found the strength to endure all the hardships of the war? And then there were children. It was with children that the war was especially cruel: the little children who had not yet seen life lost all the joys of their childhood, the war placed […]...
40. Composition “Early Spring” The winter lasts a long time. All around already tired of the cold, ice, ugly trampled snow. Everyone is looking forward to the onset of spring. And usually it does not come immediately, gradually, so that we do not notice its approach. At the end of February, strange weather sets in: it’s not frosty in […]...