China after the overthrow of the Mongol yoke

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1. The Mongolian yoke in the 13th-14th centuries At the beginning of the XIII century. the state of the Jurden has weakened noticeably. The South Song Empire was preparing to regain its northern lands. However, these plans did not come true because a new formidable force arose-the Mongols, led by Genghis Khan. South Song sent envoys and military advisers to Genghis Khan. They […]...
2. Composition “Journey to China” China occupies a special place on the geographical map of our planet. This state is one of the greatest mysteries of mankind. The great Wall of China. as the wise guardian of eternity looks at our world from the high green mountains, the foothills of which are washed on all sides by the gentle waves […]...
3. The Mongol invasion of Russia. The Golden Horde yoke The fragmentation and princely internecine strife undermined the power of Russia. This situation in the XIII century. took advantage of the Mongol conquerors. The Mongols lived in the steppes of Central Asia. They were nomadic tribes, breeding horses, oxen and sheep. In 1206, at the kurultai of the Mongolian nobility, the leader of one of […]...
4. “Collecting land” in the XV century. The overthrow of the yoke, the disintegration of the Horde. Ivan III After the Battle of Kulikovo, the Moscow Principality began to “gather” Russian lands around itself. This was taken care of, in particular, by the great Moscow prince Ivan III, who resorted both to bribery and to violence. Ivan III became a widower early. The preeminent Italian diplomats, in order to persuade him to join the […]...
5. Emperor of China. “Son of Heaven” The supreme power belonged to the emperor, whom the Chinese called the “Son of Heaven.” His will was for them the law. He lived in the greatest luxury – he had dozens, or even hundreds of palaces, thousands of servants, musicians, concubines. Nevertheless, in the midst of a fierce struggle for power, not many emperors […]...
6. The ups and downs of China in the Middle Ages “Celestial” fully learned what the vicissitudes of historical destiny are. It was then slipping into an abyss of confusion and chaos, even becoming the prey of foreign conquerors, it reached the heights of power. Its flowering in the Middle Ages occurs during the reign of the Tang dynasty. Throughout the Middle Ages, the Chinese developed […]...
7. Common questions to the country China 1. Why is the economic activity of Western and Eastern China different? Differences in the economic activities of the population of Western and Eastern China are associated with a sharp difference in the relief, climate and other components of nature. Mountainous and deserted Western China and the damp and plains of East China have a […]...
8. Religious life and culture of medieval China Since the beginning of the Middle Ages, Buddhism is spreading in China. In the VI. it becomes the state religion. It was the early Middle Ages that became the period of the establishment of Buddhism, which had a tremendous impact on the development of Chinese philosophy, literature and art. Buddhism absorbed local rites and the […]...
9. Main events, facts and facts on the topic “India. China” in the tables The states of China in the Middle Ages Sui Dynasty Construction of the Grand Canal; An attempt to unite China. Tang Dynasty Administrative reform; Insurrection of the peasants. The Age of “Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms” Song Dynasty Unification of China; 1234 – the conquest of China by the Mongols Yuan Dynasty Accession of Tibet; […]...
10. Society and the state of medieval China The Chinese have achieved certain successes in their economic life. They used vodochnepalnye devices for watering garden crops on the hills, collected two crops a year, learned how to grow tea bushes, sugar cane. Chinese peasants have mastered the valley of the Yangtze River, cutting down the local jungle and draining the swamps. But they […]...
11. The conquest of Rus by the Mongol-Tatars. Genghis Khan. Baty Russia split into separate princedoms very inopportunely when the great Eurasian steppe came to life, where many nomadic tribes lived. At the beginning of the XIII century. the Mongols of Central Asia chose Khan Temucin as their talented commander and organizer. He was called Genghis Khan – “the ruler of the world.” Thus, a young […]...
12. Society and government of medieval China The Chinese society consisted of: 1) a hereditary aristocracy; 2) officials; 3) free peasants and artisans, that is, “good people”; 4) hired workers, half-laborers and slaves, that is, “cheap people.” All of them were considered subjects of the emperor. The top of the society was the hereditary aristocracy, which was given certain titles and ranks. […]...
13. The Chinese Empire in the III-XII centuries At the end of the II century. the uprising of the “yellow bandages” caused the Khan Empire an irreparable blow and in 220 it broke up into three states. In 280, the ruler of one of them, Sima Yan, united under his authority all of China and founded the Jin Empire. However, she was not […]...
14. Religion and culture of medieval China In the middle of the 1st millennium BC. e. among the Chinese leaders Buddhism spread. The common people preferred Taoism – a religion that upheld equality, condemned the craving for power, wealth and glory, promised immortality. But the most influential in the country was Confucianism, which turned into a kind of religion. The Chinese sought, […]...
15. The daily life, customs and traditions of medieval China The Chinese lived in houses without a ceiling. There was almost no furniture in the dwellings. The yard looked like a small fortress. To enter without permission in a strange yard was forbidden – the owner could kick away an uninvited guest, even a “mandarin”. The Chinese wore simple, uniform clothes – trousers and belted […]...
16. Customs and traditions of medieval China. Clothes, food, houses, holidays The basis of the economy of medieval China was agriculture, mainly – arable farming. At first the Chinese raised wheat and millet, but gradually they preferred rice. In the paddy rice fields, the Chinese bred fish, which was valued more meat. The development of rice growing and related laborious work in the fields formed the […]...
17. Interregnum. Austrian Duchy At the time of the Interregnum, the German throne was not empty: it was bought by foreign princes and monarchs. Nevertheless, there was no supreme power in the state. In Germany, there were about a hundred principalities, mostly bishops. All of them were independent of the emperor, and some in general were vassals of foreign […]...
18. Ancient Literature of China The history of writing in China is unique. The oldest Chinese texts, fortune-telling inscriptions scrawled on a sheep’s shoulder blade or a tortoise shell, refer to the III-II millennium BC. e. such a shell or spatula was placed in the fire, and the answer to the question asked was “read” according to the shape and […]...
19. Medieval Poland. Grand Duchy of Lithuania Slavic tribal unions, which gave rise to the Polish state, occupied the territory between the Oder, Vistula and Warta rivers. In the X century. the princely dynasty of the Piastas is singled out, which united under its authority almost all the Polish lands. The main residence of the first Piastas was Gniezno. The legend connects […]...
20. The Birth of Byzantium In 330, Emperor Constantine made the capital of the Roman Empire the city of Byzantium, located on the picturesque shores of the Bosphorus. The new capital was first called New Rome, and later – Constantinople, that is, “the city of Constantine.” VI Art. From the report of the medieval historian Jordan about the visit to […]...
21. Monarchy, kings. Charlemagne Settled on the territory of the Roman Empire, the Germans found there a more perfect than theirs, the state system, their leaders liked the powerful power of the emperors. But the German kings, future kings, could not immediately abandon the people’s congregation and the council of elders. To create a state with strong power, the […]...
22. The German Empire and the Papacy From the second half of the XI century. The important aspect of the political life of Germany was the relations between the state and the church. Emperor Henry IV dared to openly conflict with Pope Gregory VII, who forbade secular power to interfere with the appointment of bishops. Thus began the struggle for investment. It […]...
23. The Vladimir-Suzdal Principality At the decline of the Middle Ages in Eastern Europe, a new state emerged and intensified, the Moscow state, with which historical destiny closely linked Ukraine. It was formed around Moscow, the first annalistic mention of which dates back to 1147. Rostov-Suzdal prince Yuri Dolgoruky, the youngest son of the Kiev prince Vladimir Monomakh, surrounded […]...
24. The Hungarian Kingdom On the lands of the middle Danubian – the territory of modern Hungary Hungarian tribes came in 896. At the head of the Hungarian tribes stood the leader Arpad. It is with him that the princely, and later the first royal dynasty of Hungary – Arpadovichi begins. The entire first half of the X century. […]...
25. Feudal fragmentation During the reign of the Carolingians, the state system became more complex and ramified, but it remained imperfect. Charlemagne tried to prevent the excessive autonomy of his officials. He eliminated the position of the Dukes, who led the conquered large tribes. The whole territory of the state was divided into almost 200 counties. They were […]...
26. The Czech Kingdom. Preconditions At the turn of the IX-X centuries. in the Czech princedom the princely clan of the Přemíslović stands prominently. It Precisely, at the head of the tribal union of the Czechs, laid the foundations of an independent Czech state with a center in Prague. Their power was especially strong during the years of the reign […]...
27. The Frankish state of the Carolingians. Flowering The real heyday of the Frankish kingdom reached in the era of the reign of Charlemagne, the son of Pepin the Short. It is by the name of Carla that the royal dynasty, founded by Pepin the Short, is called the Carolingian dynasty. The nickname “Great” Karl received for his activities, in the interests of […]...
28. Biography of Pearl Buck Pearl Saydensticker Buck, an American writer, was born in Hillsborough, Virginia. Pearl Buck graduated from the Randolph-Macon College of Women in 1914. Pearl Buck was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1938. Until 1924, she lived mainly in China, where she, her parents and her first husband, John Lossing Buck, were missionaries. She is […]...
29. Conquest and loss of Italy. Friedrich I of Barbarossa. Frederick II Northern and Middle Italy for visibility was part of the Holy Roman Empire. She showed obedience to the emperor only when he sent his troops there. In general, it had to be conquered from time to time. The emperors did not spare any forces or means, because they were eager to reign over the Christian […]...
30. The Gupta Empire in medieval India At the dawn of the Middle Ages, India was divided into many small countries of the most diverse type. The boundaries between them changed even faster than the dynasties and ruling rajas. In North India, a large state association, Magadha, was formed. It occupied the middle reaches of the Ganges River. The rise of the […]...
31. Biography of Peter I Peter the Great is an outstanding statesman, a Moscow tsar from the Romanov dynasty, an all-Russian emperor from 1721, a great reformer. Early years Peter the Great was born on May 30, 1672 in Moscow. In the biography of Peter 1 it is important to note that he was the youngest son of Tsar Alexei […]...
32. Summary of “China Town” Netov, learning about this, goes mad with joy, and Maria Orestovna… “Not the desired birth of a healthy child presented itself to her, and his own death…” Two months later, on Christmas week, the action is transferred to a one-story house on Spiridonovka, where, under the guidance of Katerina Petrovna, eighty, the vast noble family […]...
33. The main events, information and facts on the topic “Europe, Byzantium, the Arab World” in the tables A country Prominent figures Developments Byzantine Empire 1) Justinian and Theodora 2) Leo III Isaurus 3) The Macedonian dynasty 4) Vasily II The Bulgarian 5) the Comnen dynasty 6) the Paleologic dynasty 1) the code of Justinian The uprising of “Nika” Church of St. Sophia 2) iconoclasm 3) “Golden Age” of the empire; The flowering […]...
34. The State Administration of the Byzantine Empire The supreme power in the Byzantine Empire belonged to the basileus, surrounded by honors and luxury. However, it was not easy to stay on the throne in Byzantium: most emperors lost power as a result of conspiracies and riots. If the conspirators won, they were not tried. During the 1122 years of the empire’s existence, […]...
35. The collapse of the Byzantine Empire. The Latin Empire At the end of the XI century. Crusades began. It would seem that this disaster will not affect the Byzantine capital – the center of Orthodoxy. But the organization of the Fourth Crusade was interrupted by a cunning old man – blind Venetian doge Enrico Dandolo. He conceived the hands of the Crusaders to destroy […]...
36. Stormy VII-XI centuries of Byzantium. Iconoclasm Byzantium re-entered its “golden age”. From free peasants, she created a well-trained and armed army, built a strong fleet. However, she was constantly feverish: the struggle for the throne did not stop, quarrels among themselves, people’s riots and uprisings broke out, heretical movements arose. At the beginning of the VIII century. oil in the fire […]...
37. Caliphate in the days of the Umayyads and Abbasids In the second half of the VII century. As a result of the quarrels between supporters of Caliph Ali, Mohammed’s son-in-law, and representatives of the strong Meccan clan of the Umayyads, Islam split. In 661, Caliph Ali was killed. The throne was taken by a native of the Umayyad family, Syria’s deputy Mu’awiyah. He became […]...
38. Political map of Eurasia The state borders of the countries of Eurasia have been constantly changing throughout the history of mankind. In Europe, the ancient civilizations of Greece, the Roman Empire, on the territory of Asia – Babylon. Assyria, India and China. Numerous military campaigns, wars of conquest, the annexation of new lands led to the disappearance of some […]...
39. Byzantium in the 12th-15th centuries Foreign political failures intensified internal turmoil in the Byzantine Empire. In the course of the struggle for power, the military aristocracy won, which led Alexei I Komnin to the path. He became the founder of the Komnin dynasty, which ruled the state until 1185. It was a brilliant period in the history of Byzantium. Unlike […]...
40. First Plantagenets. Henry II. Richard the Lionheart William the Conqueror made England a powerful state. But it became more powerful under the dynasty Plantagenet. With the death in 1135 of King Henry I, the youngest son of William the Conqueror, the Norman dynasty ended. A fierce struggle for power broke out in England. Barons no longer obeyed the king, built their own […]...