The Mongolian yoke in the 13th-14th centuries

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1. Biography of Genghis Khan Genghis Khan is a Mongol khan, commander, founder and kagan of the Mongolian empire. Genghis Khan was born in a tract near the upper reaches of the Onon River. In the biography of Genghis Khan, it was not possible to establish exactly the year of his birth, since different sources indicate different dates. After his […]...
2. The Mongol invasion of Russia. The Golden Horde yoke The fragmentation and princely internecine strife undermined the power of Russia. This situation in the XIII century. took advantage of the Mongol conquerors. The Mongols lived in the steppes of Central Asia. They were nomadic tribes, breeding horses, oxen and sheep. In 1206, at the kurultai of the Mongolian nobility, the leader of one of […]...
3. China after the overthrow of the Mongol yoke Despite the overthrow of the Mongol yoke, the struggle lasted another 20 years. The unification of the country was completed only in 1387 after the subordination of Liaotung. With the coming to power Zhu Yuanzhang conducted a number of reforms. The possessions of the Mongols were confiscated. All the lands that were captured by the […]...
4. Germany at the end of the Middle Ages. The German Empire of the 14th-15th centuries The dynasty of the Habsburgs did not remain in power for long. At the beginning of the XIV century. the feudal lords elected King Henry VII of Luxembourg. He founded the Luxembourg dynasty, which persistently tried to conquer Italy, quarreled with the popes. All this, in the end, fed up with the princes. To the […]...
5. The Chinese Empire in the III-XII centuries At the end of the II century. the uprising of the “yellow bandages” caused the Khan Empire an irreparable blow and in 220 it broke up into three states. In 280, the ruler of one of them, Sima Yan, united under his authority all of China and founded the Jin Empire. However, she was not […]...
6. Southern Italy and Sicily in the 11th-13th centuries The historical fate of Southern Italy and Sicily was different. These areas in the XI century. conquered the Normans, who formed the Sicilian kingdom there. The feudal nobility in the kingdom existed, but the kings held it under their control. At the beginning of the XIII century. The Sicilian kingdom was given to Frederick II, […]...
7. The ups and downs of China in the Middle Ages “Celestial” fully learned what the vicissitudes of historical destiny are. It was then slipping into an abyss of confusion and chaos, even becoming the prey of foreign conquerors, it reached the heights of power. Its flowering in the Middle Ages occurs during the reign of the Tang dynasty. Throughout the Middle Ages, the Chinese developed […]...
8. Germany in the 14th-15th centuries Germany XIV-XV centuries. was distinguished by rapid development of cities, crafts and trade. This was facilitated by the favorable location of the country – at the crossroads of international trade routes. At the beginning of the XIV century. in Germany there were about 3500 cities. However, the development of the economy was significantly hampered by […]...
9. Development of Russian culture in the 14th-15th centuries The Mongol invasion and the establishment of the Golden Horde yoke inflicted irreparable loss on the culture of Russia. Hundreds of talented artisans were killed and taken prisoner, which led to the decline of handicraft activities, and the crafts of individual species disappeared. Many architectural monuments were destroyed. Due to lack of funds and masters […]...
10. The Crusades of the 11th-13th centuries The growth of the political influence of the papacy was particularly evident in the organization of the Crusades to the East. At the end of the XI century. Christian pilgrims lost the opportunity to freely pilgrimage to the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem, because the city was captured by the Seljuk Turks who professed Islam. The […]...
11. The German offensive to the east in the 12th-14th centuries Gradual spread of German settlements to the east was observed in the VIII century. and significantly intensified in the XII century, when, as a result of a long and brutal struggle, the German feudal lords captured the territories of the Polabian Slavs – the obedrites and the Lyutichs. The Margrave of Brandenburg, the Duchies of […]...
12. Composition “Journey to China” China occupies a special place on the geographical map of our planet. This state is one of the greatest mysteries of mankind. The great Wall of China. as the wise guardian of eternity looks at our world from the high green mountains, the foothills of which are washed on all sides by the gentle waves […]...
13. The conquest of Rus by the Mongol-Tatars. Genghis Khan. Baty Russia split into separate princedoms very inopportunely when the great Eurasian steppe came to life, where many nomadic tribes lived. At the beginning of the XIII century. the Mongols of Central Asia chose Khan Temucin as their talented commander and organizer. He was called Genghis Khan – “the ruler of the world.” Thus, a young […]...
14. Church of Western Europe in the 14th-15th centuries At the beginning of the XIV century. the political situation in Western Europe has radically changed. The process of centralization has become more active. National states began to form. The royal power subordinated to itself feudal nobility – secular and ecclesiastical. But the papacy, contrary to new tendencies, tried to defend and even strengthen its […]...
15. Byzantium in the 12th-15th centuries Foreign political failures intensified internal turmoil in the Byzantine Empire. In the course of the struggle for power, the military aristocracy won, which led Alexei I Komnin to the path. He became the founder of the Komnin dynasty, which ruled the state until 1185. It was a brilliant period in the history of Byzantium. Unlike […]...
16. Stormy VII-XI centuries of Byzantium. Iconoclasm Byzantium re-entered its “golden age”. From free peasants, she created a well-trained and armed army, built a strong fleet. However, she was constantly feverish: the struggle for the throne did not stop, quarrels among themselves, people’s riots and uprisings broke out, heretical movements arose. At the beginning of the VIII century. oil in the fire […]...
17. Emperor of China. “Son of Heaven” The supreme power belonged to the emperor, whom the Chinese called the “Son of Heaven.” His will was for them the law. He lived in the greatest luxury – he had dozens, or even hundreds of palaces, thousands of servants, musicians, concubines. Nevertheless, in the midst of a fierce struggle for power, not many emperors […]...
18. Main events, facts and facts on the topic “India. China” in the tables The states of China in the Middle Ages Sui Dynasty Construction of the Grand Canal; An attempt to unite China. Tang Dynasty Administrative reform; Insurrection of the peasants. The Age of “Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms” Song Dynasty Unification of China; 1234 – the conquest of China by the Mongols Yuan Dynasty Accession of Tibet; […]...
19. Papacy in the VI-XI centuries. Church split in 1054 g At the turn of the V-VI centuries. the positions of the papacy grew significantly as a result of the weakening of state power in Italy, as the country survived the conquest by the Ostrogoths, Byzantines, Lombards. In this situation, the popes were able to concentrate in their hands not only spiritual but also secular power. […]...
20. Byzantium in the VII-XI centuries. Iconoclasm At the turn of the VI-VII centuries. Byzantium quickly lost part of its possessions, both in the West and in the East. In the middle of the VII century. The Byzantine territory was halved compared to the time of Justinian. Now it increasingly took the form of a medieval state. Instead of the Roman title […]...
21. “Collecting land” in the XV century. The overthrow of the yoke, the disintegration of the Horde. Ivan III After the Battle of Kulikovo, the Moscow Principality began to “gather” Russian lands around itself. This was taken care of, in particular, by the great Moscow prince Ivan III, who resorted both to bribery and to violence. Ivan III became a widower early. The preeminent Italian diplomats, in order to persuade him to join the […]...
22. Religious life and culture of medieval China Since the beginning of the Middle Ages, Buddhism is spreading in China. In the VI. it becomes the state religion. It was the early Middle Ages that became the period of the establishment of Buddhism, which had a tremendous impact on the development of Chinese philosophy, literature and art. Buddhism absorbed local rites and the […]...
23. Political map of Eurasia The state borders of the countries of Eurasia have been constantly changing throughout the history of mankind. In Europe, the ancient civilizations of Greece, the Roman Empire, on the territory of Asia – Babylon. Assyria, India and China. Numerous military campaigns, wars of conquest, the annexation of new lands led to the disappearance of some […]...
24. Common questions to the country China 1. Why is the economic activity of Western and Eastern China different? Differences in the economic activities of the population of Western and Eastern China are associated with a sharp difference in the relief, climate and other components of nature. Mountainous and deserted Western China and the damp and plains of East China have a […]...
25. Biography of Marco Polo Marco Polo is a traveler whose work The Book on the Diversity of the World has had a great impact on the research of Asian countries. Marco Polo was born in 1254 in Venice in a merchant family. The first journey in the biography of Marco Polo is in 1271. Then, together with his father […]...
26. The Frankish state of the Carolingians. Flowering The real heyday of the Frankish kingdom reached in the era of the reign of Charlemagne, the son of Pepin the Short. It is by the name of Carla that the royal dynasty, founded by Pepin the Short, is called the Carolingian dynasty. The nickname “Great” Karl received for his activities, in the interests of […]...
27. Religion and culture of medieval China In the middle of the 1st millennium BC. e. among the Chinese leaders Buddhism spread. The common people preferred Taoism – a religion that upheld equality, condemned the craving for power, wealth and glory, promised immortality. But the most influential in the country was Confucianism, which turned into a kind of religion. The Chinese sought, […]...
28. The collapse of the Byzantine Empire. The Latin Empire At the end of the XI century. Crusades began. It would seem that this disaster will not affect the Byzantine capital – the center of Orthodoxy. But the organization of the Fourth Crusade was interrupted by a cunning old man – blind Venetian doge Enrico Dandolo. He conceived the hands of the Crusaders to destroy […]...
29. “Hunting for sheep” by Murakami in brief From this book, the author’s success in Russia began. The protagonist – matured hippies in the small advertising business. His wife left him. Suddenly, he is summoned to a powerful advertising concern and is asked to explain where he got the photograph of one strange sheep. It turns out that this sheep – a kind […]...
30. Townspeople of a new type. Marco Polo. Jacques Coeur Commodity production and ignorance are incompatible things. In contrast to the villages, the ability to read, write and count acquired a mass character in the city. In the midst of burghers, intellectual needs arise and a new type of thinking is emerging for the Middle Ages. The psychology and attitude of dexterous, energetic merchants and […]...
31. Hunting for sheep H. Murakami Hunting for sheep From this book, the author’s success in Russia began. The protagonist – a grown-up hippie (Alter ego himself Murakami) is toiling in the small advertising business. His wife left him. Suddenly, he is summoned to a powerful advertising concern and is asked to explain where he got the photograph of […]...
32. England in the XIV-XV centuries. The War of the Roses and the White Roses In 1348, the English people experienced an epidemic of plague – “black death”, which claimed almost a third of the country’s population. Feudal lords, rich merchants and craftsmen faced the problem of shortage of workers and preservation of old wages. To satisfy their interests, royal power in the second half of the XIV century. issued […]...
33. Biography of Pearl Buck Pearl Saydensticker Buck, an American writer, was born in Hillsborough, Virginia. Pearl Buck graduated from the Randolph-Macon College of Women in 1914. Pearl Buck was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1938. Until 1924, she lived mainly in China, where she, her parents and her first husband, John Lossing Buck, were missionaries. She is […]...
34. The ennobling force of art and living nature in the fairytale “Nightingale” Hans Christian Andersen is familiar to all the children of the world. Together with a good magician Ole Lukoie, he told us dozens of good, wise and beautiful fairy tales. From him we learned about the little northern country of Denmark where the writer lived, about elves and trolls, about the tiny Thumbelina and the […]...
35. English Society XIV-XV centuries In English society, there have been some changes. There was an increasing interest in trade, especially overseas, so shipbuilding flourished. Most of the nobles no longer considered entrepreneurship something shameful, they learned how to manage the economy in a new way and increasingly became like the bourgeoisie of cities. But there were also “old” noblemen […]...
36. Main events, information and facts on the topic “Slavs and their neighbors” in the tables The Czech Kingdom Hungary Polish Kingdom 1085 – Prince Vratislav II receives the title of King of Bohemia; Economically developed country in the Holy Roman Empire OK. 1000 year – the formation of the Hungarian state István I The Holy – the founder of the Hungarian state X century. – the formation of the Polish […]...
37. Conquest and loss of Italy. Friedrich I of Barbarossa. Frederick II Northern and Middle Italy for visibility was part of the Holy Roman Empire. She showed obedience to the emperor only when he sent his troops there. In general, it had to be conquered from time to time. The emperors did not spare any forces or means, because they were eager to reign over the Christian […]...
38. Monarchy, kings. Charlemagne Settled on the territory of the Roman Empire, the Germans found there a more perfect than theirs, the state system, their leaders liked the powerful power of the emperors. But the German kings, future kings, could not immediately abandon the people’s congregation and the council of elders. To create a state with strong power, the […]...
39. The conquest of the Ottoman Sultans in Europe and Asia In the middle of the XIV century. Orhan’s troops captured Byzantium and moved on to active operations in the Balkans. Sultan Murad I captured Adrianople and transferred here the capital of his state. His success in the Balkans was facilitated by the unwillingness of local Christian rulers to unite their forces before the Ottoman threat […]...
40. Great Novgorod in the 10th-12th centuries Novgorod was founded among forests on the banks of the Volkhov River. With the formation of the Kiev state Novgorod land was included in its composition. At the end of the X century. Novgorod became the second largest city in Russia after Kiev. Through it was a well-known trade route “from the Varangians to the […]...