Jan Hus – Bethlehem rebel. The struggle of the Czech Republic with German dominance

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1. The Czech Kingdom. Preconditions At the turn of the IX-X centuries. in the Czech princedom the princely clan of the Přemíslović stands prominently. It Precisely, at the head of the tribal union of the Czechs, laid the foundations of an independent Czech state with a center in Prague. Their power was especially strong during the years of the reign […]...
2. The German Empire and the Papacy From the second half of the XI century. The important aspect of the political life of Germany was the relations between the state and the church. Emperor Henry IV dared to openly conflict with Pope Gregory VII, who forbade secular power to interfere with the appointment of bishops. Thus began the struggle for investment. It […]...
3. Jan Hus and the Hussite Wars At the beginning of the XV century. The struggle of the Czech people against German domination and the Catholic Church was led by Jan Hus. He was born into a peasant family in the town of Gusintsy in the south of the Czech Republic. After graduating from Prague University, he received a master’s degree and […]...
4. The Italian policy of the German emperors At the beginning of the XII century. The German Empire united the lands of modern Germany and Austria. Switzerland, Belgium, Holland, the Czech Republic, parts of France and Northern and Central Italy. It was a collection of separate territories, which, in effect, were controlled by independent secular and ecclesiastical princes. Emerging from the crisis of […]...
5. “The onslaught on the East.” German Crusades against the Slavs XII-XIII centuries German feudal lords did not receive anything in the Muslim East in the Crusades. Aspirations to increase their possessions they lacked – Germany seemed to them close. Therefore, while the emperors fought with Italy and quarreled with the popes, the feudal lords carried out an “onslaught on the East” – populated the lands in the […]...
6. Germany at the end of the Middle Ages. The German Empire of the 14th-15th centuries The dynasty of the Habsburgs did not remain in power for long. At the beginning of the XIV century. the feudal lords elected King Henry VII of Luxembourg. He founded the Luxembourg dynasty, which persistently tried to conquer Italy, quarreled with the popes. All this, in the end, fed up with the princes. To the […]...
7. The German offensive to the east in the 12th-14th centuries Gradual spread of German settlements to the east was observed in the VIII century. and significantly intensified in the XII century, when, as a result of a long and brutal struggle, the German feudal lords captured the territories of the Polabian Slavs – the obedrites and the Lyutichs. The Margrave of Brandenburg, the Duchies of […]...
8. The struggle of cities for self-government. Communal movement Since medieval cities were formed on the land of secular and spiritual feudal lords, they accordingly submitted to them. The feudal lords were interested in this, because the craft and trade gave a lot of income. However, the desire of the feudal lords to pull out of the city as much money as possible aroused […]...
9. Karl Bald, Ludwig German, Lothar. Treaty of Verdun Although Charlemagne seems to have done everything to strengthen his state, it still proved to be unviable. He was weakened by rebellious feudal lords, whom the emperor had to force to submit to obedience. And most importantly, the tribes and peoples who inhabited the empire lived on their own and did not want to obey […]...
10. The first states of the Western Slavs. The emergence of the Slavic script Western Slavs – Czechs, Poles, Slovaks – come from the Slavic tribes who settled north of the Danube to the Baltic and Elbe. The Slavic community of the Balkan Peninsula became the basis for the formation of the southern Slavs: Bulgarians, Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, etc. The first state of the Western Slavs was formed to […]...
11. Christianity and the Church at the dawn of the Middle Ages Christianity appeared in the Roman era, but the world religion became in the Middle Ages, when its organization – the church was formed and strengthened. At the dawn of the Middle Ages the Church hierarchy already existed. In the Western Roman Empire, the head of the church was the pope, and in the Eastern Roman […]...
12. Interregnum. Austrian Duchy At the time of the Interregnum, the German throne was not empty: it was bought by foreign princes and monarchs. Nevertheless, there was no supreme power in the state. In Germany, there were about a hundred principalities, mostly bishops. All of them were independent of the emperor, and some in general were vassals of foreign […]...
13. Summary Antonín Dvořák ANTONIN Dvorak 1841-1904 Antonin Dvořák is the largest Czech composer who, along with his older contemporary Smetana, is a classic of Czech music, the founder of the national composer school. In the formation of the national original art of the Czech Republic, he played a huge role. Dvorak’s music is distinguished by its exceptional melodic […]...
14. Conquest and loss of Italy. Friedrich I of Barbarossa. Frederick II Northern and Middle Italy for visibility was part of the Holy Roman Empire. She showed obedience to the emperor only when he sent his troops there. In general, it had to be conquered from time to time. The emperors did not spare any forces or means, because they were eager to reign over the Christian […]...
15. Literature of the German Enlightenment Absolutism in Germany took a specific shallow-water form. The mass impoverishment of the peasants led to the emergence of spontaneous social protest; Fugitive gangs consisting of fugitive peasants wielded in the forests and on large roads. For politically fragmented Germany, a multiplicity of cultural centers is characteristic. Such centers were Leipzig, Hamburg, Göttingen, until finally […]...
16. Summary Republic of SHKID L. Panteleev Republic of Shkid Shkid or Shkid – so “detective” pupils have reduced the name of their educational institution – School of Social and Labor Education named after Dostoevsky. Shkida originated in 1920 in Petrograd. Its founders were Viktor Nikolayevich Sorokin-Viknikorsor and his wife Ella Andreevna Lumberg, a teacher of the German language, later […]...
17. The struggle of cities for self-government. Cities-communes The whole land belonged to the feudal lords, and therefore the cities stood on their land and were considered their property. The city was like a vassal of the feudal lord. The townspeople completely depended on his whims and appetites, the feudal lord tried to squeeze out of them as much as possible profit. This […]...
18. Summary of the “Republic of Shkid” Panteleeva Shkid or Shkida – so “detective” pupils have reduced the name of their educational institution – School of Social and Labor Education named after Dostoevsky. Shkida originated in 1920 in Petrograd. Its founders were Viktor Nikolayevich Sorokin-Viknikorsor and his wife Ella Andreevna Lumberg, a teacher of the German language, later known as Elanlyum. The pupils […]...
19. The struggle of the Swiss for independence. The origins of European democracy Political changes in Germany continued. In it, in particular, the Swiss Union was formed. This took care of the Alpine shepherds, who rebelled against the Habsburgs. The beginning of the Swiss struggle for independence is connected with the courageous act of William Tell. This Swiss peasant allegedly refused to bow to the royal governor’s hat. […]...
20. “Republic of ShKID” Panteleev in brief summary Shkid or Shkida – so “detective” pupils have reduced the name of their educational institution – School of Social and Labor Education named after Dostoevsky. Shkida originated in 1920 in Petrograd. Its founders were Viktor Nikolayevich Sorokin-Viknikorsor and his wife Ella Andreevna Lumberg, a teacher of the German language, later known as Elanlyum. The pupils […]...
21. Summary Sugar German SA Klychkov Sugar German The First World War. Soldiers of the twelfth company – yesterday’s men from the village Chertukhino. Mikolaj Mitrich Zaitsev, the son of the Chertokhin shopkeeper, a young fellow, was recently promoted to an ordinary ensign. Everybody calls him Bunny. He is a master of composing songs. Bunny is a kind and […]...
22. The struggle of Russia for liberation from the rule of the Golden Horde. The Battle of Kulikovo Field Politics of Ivan Kalita continued his sons – Semyon Proud and Ivan the Red. In 1359 the prince’s throne was occupied by the nine-year-old son of Ivan the Red Dmitry. He, like his grandfather Ivan Kalita, proved to be an able and energetic ruler. It was thanks to his tireless energy in Moscow that the […]...
23. Hussite wars The execution of Jan Hus overflowed the cup of people’s patience. Numerous supporters of Jan Hus, the Hussites, rebelled. But among the rebels there was no unity. Some, chasniki, demanded permission to all partake of the cup. Others, Taborites, wanted the impossible at all – to build the Kingdom of God on earth. In this […]...
24. Summary The lesson of German Siegfried Lenz German lesson Ziggy Jepsen, a prisoner of the Hamburg colony for minors, receives a free German lesson for an unspoken essay on “The Joy of Executed Debt.” Yozvig himself, the beloved guard, escorts the youth to the punishment cell, where he is to “unlock the incombustible wardrobe of memories and push through the […]...
25. “Sugar German” Klychkova in the summary World War I. Soldiers of the twelfth company – yesterday’s men from the village Chertukhino. Mikolaj Mitrich Zaitsev, the son of the Chertokhin shopkeeper, a young fellow, was recently promoted to an ordinary ensign. Everybody calls him Bunny. He is a master of composing songs. Bunny is a kind and unrequited person: everyone treats him […]...
26. Germany – the next empire. Otto I the Great The territory of Germany, inhabited by German, Roman and Slavic tribes, was first part of the Frankish Empire. After this empire fell, the local feudal lords elected Henry I as their king in 919. Germany, thus, became a separate state, but divided into several large self-governing regions: Alemania, Bavaria, Franconia and Saxony. After Henry I, […]...
27. Summary of Bedřich Smetana SHEET SMITH 1824-1884 Sour cream is called the father of new Czech music, Czech Glinka. In his work, the musical genius of the Czech people flourished magnificently, the pictures of Czechia’s history, people’s life and nature revived, the rhythms of folk dances, the melodies of Czech songs captivating in beauty and freshness sounded. The legacy […]...
28. “Lesson of the German” Lenz in brief summary Ziggy Jepsen, a prisoner of the Hamburg colony for minors, receives a free German lesson for an unspoken essay on “The Joy of Executed Debt.” Yozvig himself, the beloved guard, escorts the youth to the punishment cell, where he is to “unlock the incombustible wardrobe of memories and push through the dormant past.” He sees […]...
29. Monarchy, kings. Charlemagne Settled on the territory of the Roman Empire, the Germans found there a more perfect than theirs, the state system, their leaders liked the powerful power of the emperors. But the German kings, future kings, could not immediately abandon the people’s congregation and the council of elders. To create a state with strong power, the […]...
30. Summary of Yirasek A Alois Jirasek, also referred to as Irasek (Czech Alois Jirasek, 1851-1930) is a Czech writer and public figure. He was born in Gronow. He worked as a school teacher. The author of a voluminous cycle of historical novels depicting the movement of the Hussites, the period of Austrian domination (“darkness”) and national revival; created a […]...
31. Rise of the papacy in the era of the developed Middle Ages Dependence on secular power reduced the moral standards of the clergy and church discipline. Monastic regulations were not observed, monasticism degenerated, monks were looked upon as ignoramuses and idlers. This led to monasticism in the movement for the reform of monasteries, the rise of the role of the clergy and the liberation of the church […]...
32. The inner struggle of the protagonist and his insight Young and ambitious Julien Sorel seeks to make a career in a brutal, hostile society. To achieve this goal, he has no means and possibilities, except hypocrisy, whose “art” he is compelled to master in order to adapt to the hated environment. Constantly feeling surrounded by enemies, Julien closely monitors each step, acts all the […]...
33. St Basil’s Church The Intercession Cathedral, “that on the moat,” or St. Basil’s Cathedral, is an outstanding monument of Russian architecture. It was built in the middle of the XVI century by the ingenious Russian architects Barma and Postnik according to the royal decree of Ivan the Terrible, who decided to erect this cathedral in memory of the […]...
34. The struggle of good and evil in the soul of man E. Sikirich talks about the conversation of an old Indian with his grandson about good and evil. Grandfather figuratively compares these most important moral categories with two wolves, who fight in the soul of each person. One of them is associated with him with low and vile human qualities, and the other beast – with […]...
35. Clergy. “Those who pray” The most honorable place in the medieval society of Europe was occupied by the clergy. It was formed in the early Middle Ages, when Europe became Christian. The main duty of the clergy was to perform worship and church ordinances. The clergy were not homogeneous. It was divided into categories – spiritual dignities, from the […]...
36. The collapse of Byzantium. End of the Middle Ages Resurrected Byzantium was a weak state. She was feverishly stricken by the cruel struggle for the throne, one area after another vanished from her, her wind was walking in her treasury, she was mercilessly plundered by the Genoese merchant class. Of the external enemies, it was most of all pestered by the Italian Normans, the […]...
37. Prometheus – a symbol of heroic service to people, the struggle against tyranny I would not exchange my griefs On slavish service. Aeschylus He really was a hero, a titan in the original meaning of these words. Just think, it’s been sung for more than twenty-five centuries! This is only in the drama of Aeschylus, but how much is it? And the actors on the curbs talked about […]...
38. Walking to Kanossa. Tug of war in Germany By the middle of XI century. German emperors considered the popes to be their servants – they appointed them and overthrew them. But the Catholic church still broke out of their death grip. In 1056 the German throne was occupied by the six-year-old Henry IV. While he was growing up, the power in the state […]...
39. Essay on the Trinity Cathedral in Novomoskovsk A bit in the world of the temples, about which novels are written. Notre-Dame de Paris in France – about him “Notre Dame de Paris” by Victor Hugo. Sofia Kievskaya, about whom the novel “Divo” was written by Pavlo Zagrebelny. And there is another temple in Ukraine, sung in the novel by Oles Honchar’s “Cathedral.” […]...
40. Italian city republics Italy was more fortunate than other Western European countries. It better preserved the ancient heritage, the economic life was rampant, it became the center of the Catholic world. However, the political fate of her was unenviable. The country went to one conqueror, then another – Lombards, Byzantines, Franks, Arabs, Normans. The cities did not contribute […]...