The First Turkish States

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1. The collapse of Byzantium. End of the Middle Ages Resurrected Byzantium was a weak state. She was feverishly stricken by the cruel struggle for the throne, one area after another vanished from her, her wind was walking in her treasury, she was mercilessly plundered by the Genoese merchant class. Of the external enemies, it was most of all pestered by the Italian Normans, the […]...
2. Delhi Sultanate At the end of the XII century. The Ghaznavid state was conquered by Mohammed Guri. But this time the Muslims, after the robbery of the Indian territories, did not turn back, but began to assert their domination in the Ganga’s share and advance deeper into India. In 1206, after the death of Muhammad Guri, one […]...
3. The collapse of the Byzantine Empire. The Latin Empire At the end of the XI century. Crusades began. It would seem that this disaster will not affect the Byzantine capital – the center of Orthodoxy. But the organization of the Fourth Crusade was interrupted by a cunning old man – blind Venetian doge Enrico Dandolo. He conceived the hands of the Crusaders to destroy […]...
4. Byzantium in the 12th-15th centuries Foreign political failures intensified internal turmoil in the Byzantine Empire. In the course of the struggle for power, the military aristocracy won, which led Alexei I Komnin to the path. He became the founder of the Komnin dynasty, which ruled the state until 1185. It was a brilliant period in the history of Byzantium. Unlike […]...
5. Conquest of Ottoman Turks. Ottoman Moloch In the middle of the XIV century. The Ottoman Turks implemented their first conquests in the Balkans. First they enslaved Bulgaria, then attacked Serbia. In 1389, an unequal battle took place on the Kosovo Field between Serbian knights and more numerous Turkish troops. In this battle, both the Serbian king Lazar and the Turkish sultan […]...
6. Papal States A considerable part of Middle Italy was occupied by the papal state. Its capital was Rome. It wedged in between the northern and southern parts of Italy and became an additional obstacle to the unification of the country. The popes were haunted by the big feudal lords, who only in Rome had about 200 of […]...
7. The Crusades of 1096-1270 The first in 1096 moved to distant Jerusalem detachments of French and German peasants – almost unarmed, without food supplies. On the way, they robbed and killed everyone, especially the Jews. Their fate was sad. The Byzantine emperor quickly sent them across the Bosporus to Asia Minor, where the Seljuks almost all this “army” and […]...
8. The first states of the Western Slavs. The emergence of the Slavic script Western Slavs – Czechs, Poles, Slovaks – come from the Slavic tribes who settled north of the Danube to the Baltic and Elbe. The Slavic community of the Balkan Peninsula became the basis for the formation of the southern Slavs: Bulgarians, Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, etc. The first state of the Western Slavs was formed to […]...
9. India – “The country of a thousand miracles.” Delhi Sultanate. The Mughal Empire At the end of the old – the beginning of a new era, India was repeatedly conquered by strangers. A huge country was inhabited by a great many peoples and tribes, so it was difficult to unite it to repel invaders. Political fragmentation contributed to the fact that the local nobility cared more for their […]...
10. Painting by Repin “Zaporozhtsy write a letter to the Turkish sultan” The plot of this masterpiece of the great Russian artist is well known: Zaporozhye Cossacks write a response to the proposal of the Turkish sultan to move to the side of the Ottoman Empire. The text of this answer, full of the most refined insults to the address of “the lord of the brilliant Porta”, […]...
11. Education of the Ottoman Empire Timur divided the Ottoman state among the sons of Bayazid, internecine wars began. Sultan Murad II managed to restore state unity, and the power of the country was Sultan Mehmed II, nicknamed the “Conqueror”. His cherished dream was the seizure of Constantinople. The Sultan is credited with the following words: “There must be one world […]...
12. The death of the empire of Charlemagne, the formation of the states of medieval Europe Charlemagne died in 814 and the throne passed to his son Louis the Pious. However, soon three sons of Louis pious Karl Lysy, Louis German and Lothar – began to seek from the father of the partition of the empire. In order to calm them down, Louis the Pious in 817 divided the empire between […]...
13. Main events, facts and facts on the topic “Religious and cultural life of medieval Europe” in the tables 756 – the foundation of the Papal States with the center in Rome. 1054 – schism – the division of the church into the Catholic and Orthodox. The Cluny movement and the reform activities of Pope Gregory VII: The election of Pan Roman by the conclave of the Cardinals; The introduction of the vow of […]...
14. Composition on I. Repin’s painting “Zaporozhtsy write a letter to the Turkish sultan” “Repin was not just a famous artist, but a citizen artist…” – that’s how another artist, I. Grabar, spoke about Repin. I look at Repin’s painting “Zaporozhtsy write a letter to the Turkish sultan” and I myself want to laugh. I want to enter the circle of reckless Cossacks and print along with them and […]...
15. The conquest of the Ottoman Sultans in Europe and Asia In the middle of the XIV century. Orhan’s troops captured Byzantium and moved on to active operations in the Balkans. Sultan Murad I captured Adrianople and transferred here the capital of his state. His success in the Balkans was facilitated by the unwillingness of local Christian rulers to unite their forces before the Ottoman threat […]...
16. The great migration of peoples and the formation of barbarian states The period in the history that initiated the formation of national communities in Europe is usually called the era of the Great Migration of Nations. As a result of migration processes on the ruins of the Western Roman Empire, new state formations of Burgundians, Lombards, Angles, Saxons and others emerged. The first barbarian state on […]...
17. “Collecting land” in the XV century. The overthrow of the yoke, the disintegration of the Horde. Ivan III After the Battle of Kulikovo, the Moscow Principality began to “gather” Russian lands around itself. This was taken care of, in particular, by the great Moscow prince Ivan III, who resorted both to bribery and to violence. Ivan III became a widower early. The preeminent Italian diplomats, in order to persuade him to join the […]...
18. The power of the Ottoman Empire. Mehmed II In 1451, the sultan became Mehmed II, who was nicknamed the Conqueror. He was a clever, educated, power-hungry, cruel and very insidious man. Mehmed II mastered in 1453 Constantinople, made it the capital of his state and renamed Istanbul. In Istanbul there lived not only Turks, but also Greeks, Armenians, Jews and representatives of other […]...
19. Stormy VII-XI centuries of Byzantium. Iconoclasm Byzantium re-entered its “golden age”. From free peasants, she created a well-trained and armed army, built a strong fleet. However, she was constantly feverish: the struggle for the throne did not stop, quarrels among themselves, people’s riots and uprisings broke out, heretical movements arose. At the beginning of the VIII century. oil in the fire […]...
20. Feudal fragmentation. “States in the State” The Middle Ages was for Europe the era of feudal fragmentation. Local rulers – dukes, counts and barons, that is vassals of the king – were grandees, poorly obeyed the monarch, their possessions were states in the state. The king often had to apply force against them. XI-XII centuries. From the works of the medieval […]...
21. The Crusades of the 11th-13th centuries The growth of the political influence of the papacy was particularly evident in the organization of the Crusades to the East. At the end of the XI century. Christian pilgrims lost the opportunity to freely pilgrimage to the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem, because the city was captured by the Seljuk Turks who professed Islam. The […]...
22. Biography of Alexander the Great Alexander of Macedon is the Macedonian king, the great commander, the founder of the Macedonian empire, better known in the west as Alexander the Great. Early years Alexander the Great was born in the autumn of 356 BC. e. in the capital of Ancient Macedonia – the city of Pella. Since childhood, the biography of […]...
23. The Birth of Byzantium In 330, Emperor Constantine made the capital of the Roman Empire the city of Byzantium, located on the picturesque shores of the Bosphorus. The new capital was first called New Rome, and later – Constantinople, that is, “the city of Constantine.” VI Art. From the report of the medieval historian Jordan about the visit to […]...
24. Byzantium in the VII-XI centuries. Iconoclasm At the turn of the VI-VII centuries. Byzantium quickly lost part of its possessions, both in the West and in the East. In the middle of the VII century. The Byzantine territory was halved compared to the time of Justinian. Now it increasingly took the form of a medieval state. Instead of the Roman title […]...
25. The strengthening of the Moscow state in the 15th century The political successes of the Moscow principality, achieved during the reign of Dmitry Donskoy, were consolidated and developed by his successors. The son of Dmitry Donskoy, Prince Vasily I shortly after ascension to the throne annexed the principality of Nizhny Novgorod, as well as lands in the Vychegda river basin, populated by the Komi people. […]...
26. Painting by Aivazovsky “Brig” Mercury “, attacked by two Turkish courts” Painting by IK Aivazovsky “Brig” Mercury “, attacked by two Turkish courts” is dedicated to real historical events that occurred during the Russo-Turkish War of 1828-1829. On May 14 (26), 1829, three Russian ships: the Standard frigate and the 2 brigades Orpheus and Mercury carried a patrol in the waters of the Bosphorus Strait. Noticing […]...
27. Scandinavian states of the Middle Ages At the end of IX c. Vikings from Norway settled on a large treeless island. They called it Iceland – “The Land of Ice”. The climate in Iceland was very unfavorable for agriculture, but the presence of fat pastures allowed to graze livestock. Soon the entire coast of Iceland was dotted with the hamlets of […]...
28. I want to tell you about the book Very surely someone said that the book never betrays and leaves you. The book is both a wise teacher and a sincere friend. In the books we find answers to many questions that worry us about in life. Many more beautiful and lofty words can be said about books and their role in human life. […]...
29. The emergence of Scandinavian states in the Middle Ages The basis of the economic and political life of Scandinavia in the days of the Vikings were free people Bond. They had their own farm, they used the right to carry arms and appeal to the courts. They were farmers, cattlemen, hunters and fishermen. All of them were considered equal, but often their rights depended […]...
30. History and folklore 1. How do historians become useful thoughts of the Cossack era? The most valuable asset of the oral folk art of the Cossack era are Historical Songs and Dumas. The dumas are called oral-poetic works about important events and outstanding figures of history, who were half-sung, half-spoken by traveling singers to musical accompaniment on bandura, […]...
31. Byzantine culture Over the centuries, Byzantines have created a vivid and diverse culture that has become a kind of bridge between Antiquity and the Middle Ages. This was facilitated by the education system in the country. Children started to study at the age of 6-9. For two or three years they learned to read through church books, […]...
32. Science in Byzantium. Wonders of technology The Byzantines respectfully treated science, which they called “philosophy.” To her, they enumerated theology, mathematics, natural history, ethics, politics, grammar, rhetoric, dialectics, astronomy, music and jurisprudence. Byzantine theologians made a significant contribution to the development of the Orthodox faith. In doing so, they relied on ancient philosophy, using, unlike the European scholastics, the work not […]...
33. The State Administration of the Byzantine Empire The supreme power in the Byzantine Empire belonged to the basileus, surrounded by honors and luxury. However, it was not easy to stay on the throne in Byzantium: most emperors lost power as a result of conspiracies and riots. If the conspirators won, they were not tried. During the 1122 years of the empire’s existence, […]...
34. The Gupta Empire in medieval India At the dawn of the Middle Ages, India was divided into many small countries of the most diverse type. The boundaries between them changed even faster than the dynasties and ruling rajas. In North India, a large state association, Magadha, was formed. It occupied the middle reaches of the Ganges River. The rise of the […]...
35. The Frankish state of the Carolingians. Flowering The real heyday of the Frankish kingdom reached in the era of the reign of Charlemagne, the son of Pepin the Short. It is by the name of Carla that the royal dynasty, founded by Pepin the Short, is called the Carolingian dynasty. The nickname “Great” Karl received for his activities, in the interests of […]...
36. Bibliographic Dictionary of the Middle Ages Abelard Pierre. An outstanding thinker of medieval Europe. The predecessor of the scholastics. I sought reinforcement of the dogma of reason, so I inevitably fell into heresy. The church condemned him for “the impudence with which he delves into divine secrets.” I wrote a brilliant memo of medieval literature – “The History of My Disasters”. […]...
37. Summary of the United States JD Passos USA The trilogy included novels “42 parallel”, “1919” and “Big Money” (1936, not translated into Russian). They give a general picture of America’s life in the first three decades of the twentieth century: “42 parallel” – the rise of the labor movement in the United States; “1919” – the First World War and […]...
38. Main events, information and facts on the topic “Slavs and their neighbors” in the tables The Czech Kingdom Hungary Polish Kingdom 1085 – Prince Vratislav II receives the title of King of Bohemia; Economically developed country in the Holy Roman Empire OK. 1000 year – the formation of the Hungarian state István I The Holy – the founder of the Hungarian state X century. – the formation of the Polish […]...
39. Common questions to the country United States of America 1. Give examples of the diversity of nature in the United States. The nature of the US is extremely diverse. The climate varies from temperate in the north to tropical in the south. Natural areas are diverse in combinations of different animal species. Mountainous West and the Plain East differ in their natural landscapes. The […]...
40. The Ukrainian Revolution of 1917. Mikhail Grushevsky 1. What event is called the Ukrainian revolution? When in 1917 in the capital of the Russian Empire Petrograd the power of the tsar was overthrown, Ukrainian parties and public organizations created the Ukrainian Central Rada. It was headed by Mikhail Grushevsky. The Central Rada elected the government – the General Secretariat headed by Vladimir […]...