In ancient times in India there was a division of society into four varnas. These are brahmanas, ksatriyas, vaisyas and sudras. At the beginning of our era in the organization of varnas there are significant changes. Each varna began to be divided into higher and lower castes. The most deprived of the lower caste were … Read more
Who does not dream to go to Paris? Perhaps some of you have already realized this dream. And yet, I hope everyone will be interested to talk about this wonderful city. Paris – the capital of France – is located in the center of the fertile agricultural area on the banks of the River Seine … Read more
Medieval Europe arose on the ruins of the Roman Empire not immediately, but for several centuries. It was formed as a result of the invasion of barbarian tribes, and above all Germanic tribes. These invasions completed the long process of unification of the Roman and barbarian worlds. How could these unlinky worlds come together, which … Read more
Foreign political failures intensified internal turmoil in the Byzantine Empire. In the course of the struggle for power, the military aristocracy won, which led Alexei I Komnin to the path. He became the founder of the Komnin dynasty, which ruled the state until 1185. It was a brilliant period in the history of Byzantium. Unlike … Read more
The peasants built their houses out of stone and reeds. The premises were lit with a torch or a beam. We slept on mattresses stuffed with straw. Near the house there was a garden, a vegetable garden, economic buildings, a cellar or a pit, huge vessels buried for storage of grain, wine, olives. The richer … Read more
Vladimir-Suzdal princes tried to extend their power to the entire North-East Russia, but could not conquer the Novgorodians. Novgorod is situated on the Volkhov River. It was inhabited by colonists, trappers, fishermen, warriors-traders-people of restless disposition. They carried out hunting raids and military raids on eastern lands – up to the White Sea and the … Read more
An important role in the history of medieval Europe was played by the Slavs. They settled in Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe and were divided into western, eastern and southern. Slavic tribes lived during their stay and in the north of Europe – in the basin of the river. Laba, and on the Baltic coast. … Read more
Together with the whole of Moscow, the Northern Administrative District was upgraded to the 850th anniversary of the capital. Old buildings were restored and refurbished, new houses were built, infrastructure was improved, and the ecological situation improved. All these efforts were urgently needed. But behind them in the district did not forget about the spiritual … Read more
Over the centuries, Byzantines have created a vivid and diverse culture that has become a kind of bridge between Antiquity and the Middle Ages. This was facilitated by the education system in the country. Children started to study at the age of 6-9. For two or three years they learned to read through church books, … Read more
Knighthood entered the bright page in the history of medieval European culture. In their epic works, those knights whom God bestowed on the “honey of poetry” sang the boundless devotion of the knight to the beautiful and noble lady, layman to the church, vassal to the seigneur. In the XII century. from ancient Celtic legends … Read more