As a result of the fall of the dynasty of Staufen the Holy Roman Empire lost its former strength. German spiritual and secular princes became almost independent rulers. The main place among them was occupied by the Electors, the princes, who had the right to elect the king. In 1273, they elected Count Rudolph Habsburg … Read more
The breadwinners of society in the Middle Ages were peasants. They not only produced food, but also spun, weaved, and made household items. The peasants worked for themselves and for the feudal lords. They gave part of their work to the feudal lord. Some supplied food, others cultivated their land with their instruments of labor, … Read more
An important role in strengthening the Catholic ecclesiastical organization belonged to monasticism. You remember that the father of Western monasticism in the VI century. became Benedict of Nursia. Over time, many monasteries were founded, guided by the statute of St. Benedict of Nursia. The charter included three vows: permanent residence in the monastery, obedience and … Read more
The general appearance of housing and household utensils indicated the occupation and the status of the owners. The type of housing was influenced by geographical conditions. People then lived predominantly in the countryside. The villages, large and small, were located near the castle. In the mountainous areas, peasants could settle in hamlets. The peasant houses … Read more
1. When did the Second World War begin? September 1, 1939, the Second World War began. It was preceded by the agreement of the leading European states on the division of Czechoslovakia, as well as the agreement between the leaders of Nazi Germany and the Bolshevik Soviet Union – Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin. By … Read more
Since the XII century, the population of Northern Europe has been growing rapidly. With the cessation of marches, the main source of the nobility’s profits is agriculture, so it starts actively appropriating land. Some of the free peasants found themselves in land dependence. The land was distributed to peasants for temporary use, for which it … Read more
In the middle of the XI century. England attracted the attention of the Duchy of Normandy, formed on the territory of France. It was inhabited mainly by the Normans. They during their residence have turned from robbers-pagans to robbers-Christians – knights. In 1066, the Norman Duke William the Conqueror led a 15,000-strong force of Norman … Read more
An outstanding monument of the estate and landscape architecture of Ukraine is the palace in Kachanovka in the Chernihiv region. The construction of the palace complex began in 1771. Located in the estate of P. Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky, later it became the property of the Tarnowski family, with which the flowering of Kachanovka is associated. The most … Read more
The basis of the economic and political life of Scandinavia in the days of the Vikings were free people Bond. They had their own farm, they used the right to carry arms and appeal to the courts. They were farmers, cattlemen, hunters and fishermen. All of them were considered equal, but often their rights depended … Read more
The Poles formed their state in the late 10th century. The first reliable Polish prince Mieszko I married a Czech princess Dubravka. He himself became a Catholic and turned all the Poles into Catholicism. His son Boleslaw I the Brave defeated the Germans who encroached on the Polish lands, and tried to capture the Old … Read more