History

In the life of the peoples of medieval Europe, the church played an exceptionally important role. She defined the life of a person from his birth to death, “kept him in constant fear for the fate of his soul after death.” Under the control of the church were not only the lower social classes, but … Read more

At the time of the Interregnum, the German throne was not empty: it was bought by foreign princes and monarchs. Nevertheless, there was no supreme power in the state. In Germany, there were about a hundred principalities, mostly bishops. All of them were independent of the emperor, and some in general were vassals of foreign … Read more

In the X-XV centuries. with the aim of dissociating themselves from the old monastic associations, in which the discipline decayed, dozens of new monastic unions were formed in the Catholic Church. They were called Orders. Each order had its own Charter. Supervised by the Order of the Grand Master or General, they were selected by … Read more

Although the flame of the popular uprising and managed to pay off, but before the changes for the better it was still far away. The country looked like a disturbed beehive. In it, uprisings of townspeople and peasants flared up, at times more formidable than Jacquerie. The English still defeated in the war. In 1415, … Read more

Settled on the territory of the Roman Empire, the Germans found there a more perfect than theirs, the state system, their leaders liked the powerful power of the emperors. But the German kings, future kings, could not immediately abandon the people’s congregation and the council of elders. To create a state with strong power, the … Read more

England demanded a colossal ransom for King John II of Good. The General States were called, as was to be the case, so that they agreed to collect the redemption amount. But the General States this time showed a character – demanded that the collection of taxes be carried out under their control and that … Read more

Dependence on secular power reduced the moral standards of the clergy and church discipline. Monastic regulations were not observed, monasticism degenerated, monks were looked upon as ignoramuses and idlers. This led to monasticism in the movement for the reform of monasteries, the rise of the role of the clergy and the liberation of the church … Read more

Russia split into separate princedoms very inopportunely when the great Eurasian steppe came to life, where many nomadic tribes lived. At the beginning of the XIII century. the Mongols of Central Asia chose Khan Temucin as their talented commander and organizer. He was called Genghis Khan – “the ruler of the world.” Thus, a young … Read more

The supreme power in the Byzantine Empire belonged to the basileus, surrounded by honors and luxury. However, it was not easy to stay on the throne in Byzantium: most emperors lost power as a result of conspiracies and riots. If the conspirators won, they were not tried. During the 1122 years of the empire’s existence, … Read more

People study the past in order to better understand the present, make fewer annoying mistakes and, as far as possible, foresee the future. But does the Middle Ages have any relation to the present? It turns out, has, and the most direct. It was in the Middle Ages that modern states and peoples appeared in … Read more

At the end of IX c. in Europe, the construction of feudal castles begins. They were built not only by rich lords, but also by middle-class feudal lords. The massive construction of the castles was predetermined by constant invasions of enemies. Usually the castle was built on a hill or on a high bank, from … Read more

In the X-XI centuries. there is a revival of old and the emergence of new urban centers. This was predetermined by important economic processes, primarily the development of agriculture. During this period, the Bipolis spread, the production of grain and industrial crops increased, gardening, viticulture, gardening, livestock breeding developed. Surpluses of agricultural production peasants have … Read more

The church became very rich. The higher clergy bathed in luxury, the laity called for living in poverty. For many, this provoked a protest. XII century. From a revelatory speech against the shortcomings of the bishops A former monk… received a diocese… He in two years, like a hungry boar, overgrown with fat. Once it … Read more

In the middle of the XI century. Pope Gregory VII with an iron hand brought order in the Catholic Church. He resolutely demanded that kings and big feudal lords should not interfere in church affairs, and that the popes and bishops should choose the clergy. The pope claimed that monarchs should be his vassals and … Read more

The growth of the political influence of the papacy was particularly evident in the organization of the Crusades to the East. At the end of the XI century. Christian pilgrims lost the opportunity to freely pilgrimage to the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem, because the city was captured by the Seljuk Turks who professed Islam. The … Read more

Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael died almost simultaneously. The third brilliant master of the high Renaissance, Michelangelo Buonarroti, has outlived his great contemporaries. The first half of his work takes place in the same socio-political environment in which Leonardo and Rafael had to work. The second half of the life of Michelangelo falls to a … Read more

Medieval Europeans dressed warmer than the Romans, because the climate in Europe was colder, besides, the church considered the body “sinful” and demanded to carefully cover it. Europeans managed only with outer clothing. The main details were a linen shirt, short pants, a top shirt, a raincoat. Gradually it became fashionable to wear thick stockings … Read more

At the heart of medieval culture is a combination of ancient heritage and traditions of barbarian peoples. Christianity fell by force, which managed to unite them. At the turn of the V-VI centuries. the center of cultural and spiritual development was the Ostrogothic Kingdom in Italy. The outstanding personality of the “Ost-Goth Revival” was the … Read more

The first educational institutions of the Middle Ages were monastery, parafial and cathedral schools. However, they usually taught only one teacher, or a master, as his contemporaries called it. He passed the entire course of study with every schoolboy. In schools, students studied “seven free arts.” It was a system of objects, from two levels. … Read more

Joan of Arc gave her life for France for good reason. The French gradually liberated their country from the English invaders. Charles VII entered Paris. In 1453 the English owned only the city of Calais in France, but soon lost it. The longest war in European history ended in the victory of France. In France, … Read more

The most authoritative and well-known sources on the history of Kievan Rus, which help historians to restore the course of events of the past, are Chronicles. You already know that the so-called works in which the events were recorded successively for years, “from summer to summer.” Chroniclers covered, for the most part, the deeds of … Read more

The lands between the rivers Tisza and the Danube were inhabited long ago by Slavic tribes and, perhaps, by the ancestors of modern Romanians and Moldavians. At the end of IX c. there were migrated through the Carpathians Ugrians, who were pressed from the southern Russian steppes of the Pechenegs. They defeated the Great Moravian … Read more

At the turn of the XIII-XIV centuries. the great princedoms of the North-East of Russia have broken up into allotments-smaller independent principalities. In the XIV century. strengthened the Moscow and Tver principality. They began among themselves a fierce struggle for the Grand Duchy of Vladimir. The Moscow principality won, which extended its power to several … Read more

Germans cruelly treated the Celts, but they themselves suffered from the cruelty of the Vikings, especially the Danes. From the end of the VIII to the middle of the X century. the north-eastern part of England was devastated by the Danes, who left no stone on it. Medieval author sadly reported that the Danes killed … Read more

In the 60-ies of IX century. Vikings, mostly Danes, began to conquer Britain. They captured a significant territory in the north-east of the country and forced the Anglo-Saxons south. The subsequent advancement of the Normans in this direction was suspended under King Alfred the Great. The king defeated the Danes and concluded a peace treaty … Read more

In 1212, from France and Germany, thousands of your peers, boys and disguised as boys’ clothes, went to the Crusade. They were persuaded by several young preachers who convinced the children that they had not yet angered God, so they would easily release the Holy Sepulcher. The children also sought revenge on the Muslims for … Read more

1. What determined the fate of Ukraine in the first decades after the creation of the USSR? In December 1919, Soviet Bolshevik power was established on most of the Ukrainian lands. Thus began the time of the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic. At the end of 1922 the USSR became a member of the Union of … Read more

At the turn of the IX-X centuries. in the Czech princedom the princely clan of the Přemíslović stands prominently. It Precisely, at the head of the tribal union of the Czechs, laid the foundations of an independent Czech state with a center in Prague. Their power was especially strong during the years of the reign … Read more

In medieval India, Buddhism gave way to a much simpler and more accessible religion – Hinduism. Why did this happen? First of all, because Buddhism denied caste inequality and thus came into conflict with the whole of Indian reality. Hinduism is at the same time a religion and a great many religions. There are hundreds … Read more

In the North of Europe lived “northern people” – the Normans. These are the ancestors of the present Norwegians, Danes, Swedes and Icelanders. In Western Europe they were called Vikings, in Russia – by the Varangians. Northern Europe is far from a paradise. The climate there is cold, the conditions of life are severe. Forests … Read more

The Principalities of North-Eastern Russia tried to gain a foothold in the Baltic region. They founded the city of Yuryev on the estonian lands, took tribute from the Finns and Lithuanians. But the Baltic knights were also looked after by German knights. They built a fortress in Riga at the mouth of the Western Dvina. … Read more

A place of honor in the medieval theory of the three classes is occupied by “those who are at war”, that is, the secular feudal lords. There was a system of vassalage, a kind of hierarchical feudal ladder. At its top was the king – the richest landowner. He was considered the supreme lord, or … Read more

Crusaders with great difficulty succeeded in retaining power over the conquered population. The weakness of the positions of the Crusaders in the East prompted the papacy to create there knights-monastic orders. The knights entering them gave three monastic vows: poverty, obedience and celibacy. Their main task was to fight against the enemies of Christianity. To … Read more

On the lands of the middle Danubian – the territory of modern Hungary Hungarian tribes came in 896. At the head of the Hungarian tribes stood the leader Arpad. It is with him that the princely, and later the first royal dynasty of Hungary – Arpadovichi begins. The entire first half of the X century. … Read more

The Cossack garrison was constantly on the Sich, the majority of the Zaporozhians lived in the winter huts, and came to Sich on the appropriate signal. After all, it was from Sich that the Cossacks went on a campaign. The Sich was also the place where the Cossacks discussed the most important questions of their … Read more

At the end of the early Middle Ages, the first records of the heroic epic appear, which previously existed only in oral recounts. Heroes of folk tales were mostly warriors who bravely defended their land and people. In these works, two worlds interwoven: real and fairy. Heroes often won with the help of magic powers. … Read more

With another neighbor, Turkey, the historical fate of Ukraine in the Middle Ages was closely linked. Around 1000, the nomadic tribes of the Seljuk Turks swept over Europe from the plains of Kazakhstan. They conquered Central Asia, Persia, Syria and Iraq, and soon – Armenia and Byzantium. In 1071, in battle near the fortress of … Read more

The medieval people lived in houses that lacked the conveniences that were usual for us. In the cold season, they were heated with a fire, the smoke from which came out either through a hood over the fireplace, or through windows and a hole in the roof. Expensive glass was used almost exclusively in church … Read more

The highest flourishing in the early period of its history, Byzantium reached under Emperor Justinian I, who was born in the family of a poor Macedonian peasant. In Justinian’s life, his uncle, Justin’s mother, played an important role, a poorly educated peasant who had traveled from a simple soldier to an emperor. Thanks to Uncle … Read more

After the death of Muhammad, the Muslim state was headed by his closest associates, who were called Khalifs – the “successors” of the prophet. The first caliphs, coming from the rich and influential Meccan family of the Umayyads, understood that in order to strengthen their power and Islam, victorious wars that would rally the Arabs … Read more

After the death of the Western Roman Empire, the West plunged into the darkness of decline and barbarism. This resulted not so much in the barbaric conquests, as in the confusion and indifference of the population. People did not have neither the strength nor the desire to resist the oppression of life’s circumstances. But the … Read more

When the missionaries dispersed over the spacious possessions of the frieze to preach the Gospel and came to the river Bortne… St. Boniface, accompanied by his disciples, ordered the tents to be broken and to wait at the same place for the arrival of people newly baptized to perform the sacrament of the sacrament. A … Read more

The Arab conquests of the 7th-8th centuries. closely tied the Christian West and the Islamic world, the relations between which were not easy. Christians and Muslims had plenty of work among themselves, but at the same time they established peaceful trade and exchanged cultural achievements. The creators of Islam were Arabs – Arabs. The Arabian … Read more

1. Why is the Sudak fortress in Crimea called Genoese? People built defensive structures from time immemorial, trying to protect their homes from conquerors. In the wooded area, the fortress was built of wood, in the mountain – made of stone. At the beginning of the history of Kievan Rus, foreign sources called it “country … Read more

Let’s open only one page in the history of the Russian fleet. In the year 1938, the Italian general Nobile, who participated in Amundsen’s flight to the pole, decided to repeat the failed journey. Accompanied by prominent scientists and assistants, Nobile flew to the North on an airship “Italy” of his own design. The expedition … Read more

The people of Arabia have long worshiped many gods – both their own and others. Christians and Jews lived in Arabia, and those who were idolized, but did not believe in the same God. Most of all there were Arab-pagan Arabs in Arabia. They worshiped tribal gods and stone pillars, which they considered to be … Read more

Slavic tribal unions, which gave rise to the Polish state, occupied the territory between the Oder, Vistula and Warta rivers. In the X century. the princely dynasty of the Piastas is singled out, which united under its authority almost all the Polish lands. The main residence of the first Piastas was Gniezno. The legend connects … Read more

The beauty of Sofiyivka was created by the work of hundreds of nameless masters – the peasants of Uman’shchina. Even such a “miracle” as the island of Love, which looks natural, harmoniously complementing the landscape, is man-made. The island was poured by hand, its banks, as well as the banks of the pond, were fortified … Read more

1. What are icons and what do historians learn about them? The word “icon” of Greek origin. Icons Call the images of Jesus Christ, the Mother of God, saints, the events of the Holy Letter, executed according to certain rules, most often on cypress boards. The icons are also the corresponding murals on the walls … Read more

The Czech Kingdom Hungary Polish Kingdom 1085 – Prince Vratislav II receives the title of King of Bohemia; Economically developed country in the Holy Roman Empire OK. 1000 year – the formation of the Hungarian state István I The Holy – the founder of the Hungarian state X century. – the formation of the Polish … Read more