At the beginning of the XIV century. the political situation in Western Europe has radically changed. The process of centralization has become more active. National states began to form. The royal power subordinated to itself feudal nobility – secular and ecclesiastical. But the papacy, contrary to new tendencies, tried to defend and even strengthen its … Read more
In XIII – XV centuries. noble people in Russia lived for the most part in the mansion – two or three-story buildings, first wooden, and later – stone, with porches and teremami. They were surrounded by tall wooden fences with gates and wickets. In the center of the courtyard, apart from the choir itself, there … Read more
Princes and boyars lived in mansions, townspeople – in houses of wooden logs. The poor were huddled in shacks without windows. In the house there was certainly a massive stove, often painted. She baked bread and cooked food. Glass windows first appeared in the XIV-XV centuries. in Moscow and Novgorod, and then only in the … Read more
The barbarous peoples who settled in the territory of the former Roman Empire preserved their legal customs. They were transmitted orally, from generation to generation, and changed very slowly. With the emergence of barbarous states, it became necessary to fix their customs in writing. This was prompted by the immediate neighborhood with the Romans, who … Read more
King John, as a result of the unsuccessful war for England with Philip II August, lost in France most of the patrimonial possessions of the Plantagenets. Therefore, contemporaries called John a derogatory nickname Landless. Military defeat, the constant extortion of “shield money” caused the subjects genuine hatred for the king. The situation was aggravated by … Read more
1. How do geographic names preserve the memory of past generations? Exploring past times, historians time and again come across names of cities and towns, villages, rivers, lakes, tracts, etc. Some names have an ancient origin and have survived until now, others have disappeared forever in the maelstrom of historical events, leaving traces in legends … Read more
1. What are the famous Reims and Peresopnytsia gospels? The Gospel is one of the most important parts of the Holy Letter, in which we are talking about the earthly life of Jesus Christ. The glory of the oldest Ukrainian book belongs to the Reims gospel. The title of this book, made almost 1000 years … Read more
1. When did Ukraine become independent? August 24, 1991 The Act of proclaiming the independence of Ukraine was adopted. Therefore, this day is considered a public holiday. And on December 1, 1991, this document received popular support: during the Referendum Over 90 percent of the population who participated in the poll voted for it. On … Read more
Medieval Europe was quite clearly divided into two agricultural zones: 1) southern, Mediterranean, where the ancient traditions of ancient farming remained, and 2) a temperate climate zone located north of the Alpine mountains. In the south, the main grain crop was wheat. They also sowed barley, grew legumes, grapes, olives. Bread sowed under the winter: … Read more
At the end of the IV century. the emperors Constantine I and Theodosius I turned the Roman Empire into Christianity. At the same time, some barbarian tribes on the territory of the empire became Christians. At the end of the 5th c. baptized Francs, later – Visigoths, tribes of the Iberian Peninsula, Lombards, separate tribes … Read more