History

German feudal lords did not receive anything in the Muslim East in the Crusades. Aspirations to increase their possessions they lacked – Germany seemed to them close. Therefore, while the emperors fought with Italy and quarreled with the popes, the feudal lords carried out an “onslaught on the East” – populated the lands in the … Read more

Northern and Middle Italy for visibility was part of the Holy Roman Empire. She showed obedience to the emperor only when he sent his troops there. In general, it had to be conquered from time to time. The emperors did not spare any forces or means, because they were eager to reign over the Christian … Read more

1. What were the most ancient cities on our lands? The lands of Russia in 9-10 centuries. foreigners called the “country of hail”. “Grads”, that is, fortresses, were built of wood – they planted, hence the name – “garden”, or “hail”. The settlements gradually turned into cities. Large cities consisted of three parts. One of … Read more

The Byzantine society consisted of aristocrats, officials, clergy, merchants, intellectuals, artisans, peasants and slaves. Vassal relations in it did not work out. Aristocrats lived at the expense of their estates, they despised craft and trade. Officials lived on state salaries, but more at the expense of bribes and robbery of the state. They climbed the … Read more

In the early fifth century. the Roman troops permanently left Britain, inhabited then by the Celtic tribes. The dust had not yet settled behind them, and the German tribes of the Angles, Saxons, Utes had already come to Britain and unceremoniously settled on the land of the owners. VIII century. From the work of the … Read more

The Middle Ages was for Europe the era of feudal fragmentation. Local rulers – dukes, counts and barons, that is vassals of the king – were grandees, poorly obeyed the monarch, their possessions were states in the state. The king often had to apply force against them. XI-XII centuries. From the works of the medieval … Read more

1. What icons were created in Cossack times? Created icons and Cossack times. During the second half of the 17-18 centuries. especially popular in Ukraine was the icon of the Pokrov. In the lower part of these icons there were images of representatives of the Cossack sergeant, the atamans, the hetmans. The Mother of God … Read more

In the second half of the XIV century. The Russian princes had already acted harmoniously against the Horde. In 1378, the military forces of the Moscow and Ryazan principalities, led by the Moscow prince Dmitry Ivanovich, inflicted the first military defeat on the territory of Ryazansky Tatars. But the great Lithuanian prince Jagiello hurried to … Read more

The execution of Jan Hus overflowed the cup of people’s patience. Numerous supporters of Jan Hus, the Hussites, rebelled. But among the rebels there was no unity. Some, chasniki, demanded permission to all partake of the cup. Others, Taborites, wanted the impossible at all – to build the Kingdom of God on earth. In this … Read more

In the XIII century. In medieval Europe there are heretical movements associated with the emergence and flowering of cities. It was in the cities that the number of educated people increased, able to read religious books and reflect on their content. They understood that the servants of the church did not in any way resemble … Read more

Medieval people – knights, merchants, artisans, monks, pilgrims – was in constant motion. They moved slowly enough, because then the vehicles did not develop a great speed. There were three types of transport: land, river and sea. The development of land transport was influenced by the condition of roads. Even the ancient Romans built a … Read more

In 987, after the death of King Louis V of Lazy, the rule of the Carolingian dynasty ceased. The rulers of the duchies and counties elected a new king. He became a representative of the genus Robertinov – Count Hugo Capet. He was nicknamed the monastic hood, which was worn as a secular abbot of … Read more

The city was located so that it was convenient to surround it with a protective wall, but that the environment should serve as protection for it. The first medieval cities were surrounded by an earthen rampart and a wooden palisade, the later ones were already renewed with one, two or even three stone battlements with … Read more

In the life of the urban lower classes, the features of peasant life and customs were preserved. Another thing – the life of rich burghers. The burghers increasingly preferred comfort and luxury, but did not show them off. Their houses they furnished with solid furniture. The life of a rich burgher hardly differed from the … Read more

The perception of the world by a medieval man was significantly different from ours. The man did not feel himself to be a citizen of the universe, he lacked the nearest environment, and everything else seemed alien and hostile. He determined the time approximately, according to the sun or by the rooster’s singing, and did … Read more

Germany XIV-XV centuries. was distinguished by rapid development of cities, crafts and trade. This was facilitated by the favorable location of the country – at the crossroads of international trade routes. At the beginning of the XIV century. in Germany there were about 3500 cities. However, the development of the economy was significantly hampered by … Read more

After the death of Pepin of Geristalsky, his sons began a rivalry for power. Defeated by his illegitimate son Karl, the Mayor of 715. He had to face a serious external danger. From the south, the territory of the Frankish Kingdom was invaded by the Arabs and conquered almost the entire Iberian Peninsula. In 732, … Read more

In 1359, John II, who was brought to London, Dobry signed a difficult peace treaty for France, according to which almost half of the country was transferred to Edward III, and for himself undertook to pay a considerable ransom. His son Dauphin Karl refused to accept the terms of the treaty. Then Edward III landed … Read more

At the beginning of the VIII century. almost the entire Iberian peninsula – the birthplace of the Spaniards and Portuguese – conquered the Arabs. Conquerors oppressed Christians, but at the same time acquainted them with the high achievements of Eastern culture. The population of the peninsula soon rebelled against the invaders. This liberation struggle, which … Read more

The process of origin and formation of medieval states was long and difficult. Its origins come from the period of the disintegration of the tribal system among the Germanic tribes. In those days, the attributes of power – the crown and the scepter – were not yet there, so the chosen among the other warriors … Read more

Charlemagne died in 814 and the throne passed to his son Louis the Pious. However, soon three sons of Louis pious Karl Lysy, Louis German and Lothar – began to seek from the father of the partition of the empire. In order to calm them down, Louis the Pious in 817 divided the empire between … Read more

At the end of IX c. Vikings from Norway settled on a large treeless island. They called it Iceland – “The Land of Ice”. The climate in Iceland was very unfavorable for agriculture, but the presence of fat pastures allowed to graze livestock. Soon the entire coast of Iceland was dotted with the hamlets of … Read more

The languages ​​of the Germanic tribes of Northern Europe were similar. Often, the languages ​​of neighboring tribes were mixed, so their grammar was simplified. This explains why the current English grammar is simpler than the grammar of other European peoples. The peoples of Northern Europe have a single written language, a single alphabet – the … Read more

After the Battle of Kulikovo, the Moscow Principality began to “gather” Russian lands around itself. This was taken care of, in particular, by the great Moscow prince Ivan III, who resorted both to bribery and to violence. Ivan III became a widower early. The preeminent Italian diplomats, in order to persuade him to join the … Read more

1. What is archeology and how do archaeological excavations take place? Most of all secrets hide the most ancient times in the history of mankind. After all, there is too little evidence of them. Only the traces of human activity damaged by time – fragments of tools, ruins of ancient settlements, cemeteries, etc. However, such … Read more

In the V-VI centuries. among the population of Arabia there is a tendency to overcome tribal fragmentation and create a single Arab state. It found expression and preaching the worship of God alone. Preachers of the same faith began to appear in different parts of Arabia. In Mecca, Muhammad, who was born in the Quraysh … Read more

In the idea of ​​a medieval man, a properly organized society consists of three Estates – the clergy, chivalry and peasantry. XI century. From the work of Bishop Adalberon Lansky The community of believers is a single body, but the state consists of three bodies, because another law, human, distinguishes two great estates… One class … Read more

In the second half of the VII century. As a result of the quarrels between supporters of Caliph Ali, Mohammed’s son-in-law, and representatives of the strong Meccan clan of the Umayyads, Islam split. In 661, Caliph Ali was killed. The throne was taken by a native of the Umayyad family, Syria’s deputy Mu’awiyah. He became … Read more

1. What is history and why is it important to study the history of our native land? Respect for the past is a characteristic feature of our people. About the past in Ukraine it has always been said – holy, kind. And until now, proverbs are used in the Ukrainian language: It has not become … Read more

If you are going to Austria on business or skiing, you will definitely try to visit Vienna. Try to study the city guide first. This can be done right now. So, concentrate and listen carefully! Vienna – the capital of the Republic of Austria – is located at the north-eastern spur of the Alps, on … Read more

“Celestial” fully learned what the vicissitudes of historical destiny are. It was then slipping into an abyss of confusion and chaos, even becoming the prey of foreign conquerors, it reached the heights of power. Its flowering in the Middle Ages occurs during the reign of the Tang dynasty. Throughout the Middle Ages, the Chinese developed … Read more

Now it is difficult to imagine that New Year’s congratulations in Russia were made not on the first of January, but on another day. Meanwhile it was just like that… Years come and go, and with them traditions are born and die. Almost three centuries ago, on September 1, “7208 years from the creation of … Read more

The whole land belonged to the feudal lords, and therefore the cities stood on their land and were considered their property. The city was like a vassal of the feudal lord. The townspeople completely depended on his whims and appetites, the feudal lord tried to squeeze out of them as much as possible profit. This … Read more

Henry III did not fulfill the obligations, therefore in 1263 a civil war broke out in England. The army of Simon de Montfort defeated the royal army, captured Henry III and Crown Prince. In the beginning of 1265 Simon de Montfort actually became the dictator of England. To strengthen his power, he convened the Supreme … Read more

What was the Ukrainian village in the 18th – first half of the 19th century? The life of Ukrainian peasants has not changed since the previous times. As before, villages were founded near rivers and lakes, forming streets, on both sides of which were huts and vegetable gardens. The appearance and interior decoration of the … Read more

The appearance of medieval cities complicated the structure of society. In it new groups of the population appeared: craftsmen, merchants, Intellectuals, etc. Gradually the urban estate was formed, which had special rights and duties and played an increasing role in public life. In the XIV-XV centuries. chivalry replaced the nobility. He belonged to the highest … Read more

How to explain the national love of Russian people to Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin? We will not seek an explanation, but only say: in Russia there is no such person who would not know who Pushkin is. The vast world of his creativity is accessible to everyone. However, in order to comprehend the depth of his … Read more

In the fifth and sixth centuries, taking advantage of the lack of strong state power in Italy, the papacy intensified. The popes became not only spiritual, but also secular lords of the Roman Diocese. In 756, Italy even formed a special Papal State, partially preserved until now. Gregory I the Great made a great deal … Read more

Historical sources: Written Real Ethnographic The Frankish Kingdom: 481-486 years. – the unification of the Salic Franks by Clovis from the Merovingian dynasty; mazhordomas and “lazy kings”; 486 – the Battle of Soissons; About 498 AD – the baptism of Clovis; 768-814 years. – Charlemagne; 843 – Verdun Treaty – the collapse of the empire … Read more

There were also purely children’s entertainment. Every year puppets brought puppies to the school for Shrovetide. And instead of sitting in class, the kids all morning watched the cockfighting. To medieval children’s theatrical representations it is possible to carry and unusual ceremony with “the boy-bishop”. On the day of St. Nicholas or St.. Innocent in … Read more

In 1154 the king of England became the great-grandson of William the Conqueror Count of Anjou Henry II Plantagenet. He became the founder of the Plantagenet dynasty. Henry II owned considerable territories in France, which, with its ascent, the patron were annexed to England. It is clear that such a huge state was not easy … Read more

At the end of the II century. the uprising of the “yellow bandages” caused the Khan Empire an irreparable blow and in 220 it broke up into three states. In 280, the ruler of one of them, Sima Yan, united under his authority all of China and founded the Jin Empire. However, she was not … Read more

The Middle Ages are an epoch in the history of Europe, spanning over a thousand years. The beginning of the Middle Ages is considered to be 476, when the leader of the Germans Odoakr defeated the last Roman Emperor Romulus Augustul. The Middle Ages ended in 1492 with the discovery of America. In the history … Read more

Abelard Pierre. An outstanding thinker of medieval Europe. The predecessor of the scholastics. I sought reinforcement of the dogma of reason, so I inevitably fell into heresy. The church condemned him for “the impudence with which he delves into divine secrets.” I wrote a brilliant memo of medieval literature – “The History of My Disasters”. … Read more

The Chinese society consisted of: 1) a hereditary aristocracy; 2) officials; 3) free peasants and artisans, that is, “good people”; 4) hired workers, half-laborers and slaves, that is, “cheap people.” All of them were considered subjects of the emperor. The top of the society was the hereditary aristocracy, which was given certain titles and ranks. … Read more

Gradual spread of German settlements to the east was observed in the VIII century. and significantly intensified in the XII century, when, as a result of a long and brutal struggle, the German feudal lords captured the territories of the Polabian Slavs – the obedrites and the Lyutichs. The Margrave of Brandenburg, the Duchies of … Read more

Timur divided the Ottoman state among the sons of Bayazid, internecine wars began. Sultan Murad II managed to restore state unity, and the power of the country was Sultan Mehmed II, nicknamed the “Conqueror”. His cherished dream was the seizure of Constantinople. The Sultan is credited with the following words: “There must be one world … Read more

Although Charlemagne seems to have done everything to strengthen his state, it still proved to be unviable. He was weakened by rebellious feudal lords, whom the emperor had to force to submit to obedience. And most importantly, the tribes and peoples who inhabited the empire lived on their own and did not want to obey … Read more

1. How do historians become useful thoughts of the Cossack era? The most valuable asset of the oral folk art of the Cossack era are Historical Songs and Dumas. The dumas are called oral-poetic works about important events and outstanding figures of history, who were half-sung, half-spoken by traveling singers to musical accompaniment on bandura, … Read more

Politics of Ivan Kalita continued his sons – Semyon Proud and Ivan the Red. In 1359 the prince’s throne was occupied by the nine-year-old son of Ivan the Red Dmitry. He, like his grandfather Ivan Kalita, proved to be an able and energetic ruler. It was thanks to his tireless energy in Moscow that the … Read more