England and the Vikings

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1. Viking cruelty. Alfred the Great Germans cruelly treated the Celts, but they themselves suffered from the cruelty of the Vikings, especially the Danes. From the end of the VIII to the middle of the X century. the north-eastern part of England was devastated by the Danes, who left no stone on it. Medieval author sadly reported that the Danes killed […]...
2. The Norman Conquest of England In the middle of the XI century. England attracted the attention of the Duchy of Normandy, formed on the territory of France. It was inhabited mainly by the Normans. They during their residence have turned from robbers-pagans to robbers-Christians – knights. In 1066, the Norman Duke William the Conqueror led a 15,000-strong force of Norman […]...
3. “The Age of Vikings.” Hiking Attacks of Scandinavians continued intermittently from the end of the VIII century. and until the second half of the 11th century. In France, the “northern people” were known under the name of the Normans, in England they were called the Danes, in Byzantium – varangas, in Russia – by the Varangians. In the Scandinavian warriors […]...
4. Anglo-Saxon kingdoms In the early fifth century. the Roman troops permanently left Britain, inhabited then by the Celtic tribes. The dust had not yet settled behind them, and the German tribes of the Angles, Saxons, Utes had already come to Britain and unceremoniously settled on the land of the owners. VIII century. From the work of the […]...
5. Scandinavian states of the Middle Ages At the end of IX c. Vikings from Norway settled on a large treeless island. They called it Iceland – “The Land of Ice”. The climate in Iceland was very unfavorable for agriculture, but the presence of fat pastures allowed to graze livestock. Soon the entire coast of Iceland was dotted with the hamlets of […]...
6. England in the XIV-XV centuries. The War of the Roses and the White Roses In 1348, the English people experienced an epidemic of plague – “black death”, which claimed almost a third of the country’s population. Feudal lords, rich merchants and craftsmen faced the problem of shortage of workers and preservation of old wages. To satisfy their interests, royal power in the second half of the XIV century. issued […]...
7. Scandinavian countries in the 12th-15th centuries Since the XII century, the population of Northern Europe has been growing rapidly. With the cessation of marches, the main source of the nobility’s profits is agriculture, so it starts actively appropriating land. Some of the free peasants found themselves in land dependence. The land was distributed to peasants for temporary use, for which it […]...
8. European culture of the early Middle Ages At the heart of medieval culture is a combination of ancient heritage and traditions of barbarian peoples. Christianity fell by force, which managed to unite them. At the turn of the V-VI centuries. the center of cultural and spiritual development was the Ostrogothic Kingdom in Italy. The outstanding personality of the “Ost-Goth Revival” was the […]...
9. The main events, information and facts on the topic “Europe, Byzantium, the Arab World” in the tables A country Prominent figures Developments Byzantine Empire 1) Justinian and Theodora 2) Leo III Isaurus 3) The Macedonian dynasty 4) Vasily II The Bulgarian 5) the Comnen dynasty 6) the Paleologic dynasty 1) the code of Justinian The uprising of “Nika” Church of St. Sophia 2) iconoclasm 3) “Golden Age” of the empire; The flowering […]...
10. Myths of Scandinavia. Runes The languages ​​of the Germanic tribes of Northern Europe were similar. Often, the languages ​​of neighboring tribes were mixed, so their grammar was simplified. This explains why the current English grammar is simpler than the grammar of other European peoples. The peoples of Northern Europe have a single written language, a single alphabet – the […]...
11. The best literary works of the Middle Ages Prominent in the medieval literature of Europe was the heroic Epos, which originated in the era of the Great Migration of Nations. For a long time, in the depths of the bygone years, A living song was composed by the poet About the wise, kind kings And about their artful enemies, About the knights, who […]...
12. British Cuisine English cuisine, like all British, is considered quite conservative. Part of this is true: the English do not like to experiment with food, like the French or Italians, but the taste of traditional English food is known throughout the world. Great Britain gave the world community fish and chips, mashed potatoes, small sandwiches, Yorkshire pudding, […]...
13. The Magna Carta and the emergence of the English Parliament King John, as a result of the unsuccessful war for England with Philip II August, lost in France most of the patrimonial possessions of the Plantagenets. Therefore, contemporaries called John a derogatory nickname Landless. Military defeat, the constant extortion of “shield money” caused the subjects genuine hatred for the king. The situation was aggravated by […]...
14. Bibliographic Dictionary of the Middle Ages Abelard Pierre. An outstanding thinker of medieval Europe. The predecessor of the scholastics. I sought reinforcement of the dogma of reason, so I inevitably fell into heresy. The church condemned him for “the impudence with which he delves into divine secrets.” I wrote a brilliant memo of medieval literature – “The History of My Disasters”. […]...
15. The emergence of the English Parliament Henry III did not fulfill the obligations, therefore in 1263 a civil war broke out in England. The army of Simon de Montfort defeated the royal army, captured Henry III and Crown Prince. In the beginning of 1265 Simon de Montfort actually became the dictator of England. To strengthen his power, he convened the Supreme […]...
16. Sports in the UK The British, as you know, are great sports fans. So when they do not play and do not watch games, they like to talk about them. Many of the games we play now come from England. One of the most British games is cricket. It is very often played in schools, colleges, universities and club […]...
17. Strengthening of royal power in France In the X century. the western part of the former empire of Charlemagne was already called, not by Gaul, but by France. But France was not a centralized state at that time. In the IX-X centuries. it was the first in Western Europe to split into a number of independent possessions – the duchies of […]...
18. Sights of Great Britain Great Britain honors its traditions, medieval buildings and everything that is going on around the royal power. To get acquainted with the architecture of Great Britain it is possible to begin with England, or rather, from London. There are many world-class attractions here, including the Big Ben Tower, the visiting card of London. This watch […]...
19. War of the Roses and the White Rose. The Civil War of 1455-1485 Of course, it was not the flowers that caused the terrible bloodshed in England at the end of the Middle Ages. In the Civil War of 1455-1485. The country was involved in two influential noble families – York and Lancaster. The coat of arms of York was adorned with a white rose, the coat of […]...
20. Judicial power in medieval Europe Medieval Europe lived by written laws. At the dawn of the Middle Ages in the territory of the former Roman Empire, the court was carried out according to the collections of laws – barbaric “truths”. The “truths” clearly reflected the legal inequality of various social groups. Romanesque population adhered to the norms of Roman Law, […]...
21. Viking hiking Until the end of VIII – beginning of IX centuries. Western Europe knew nothing about the Normans. When she faced them face to face, she became desperate, as she was the victim of their devastating raids that lasted throughout the 9th-11th centuries. It was these invaders that Western Europeans called Vikings. Vikings were brave warriors. […]...
22. The great migration of peoples and the formation of barbarian states The period in the history that initiated the formation of national communities in Europe is usually called the era of the Great Migration of Nations. As a result of migration processes on the ruins of the Western Roman Empire, new state formations of Burgundians, Lombards, Angles, Saxons and others emerged. The first barbarian state on […]...
23. Customs of Great Britain England is a great state with a rich history and centuries-old traditions. Ancient generic castles with haunting ghosts, ancient universities, famous English pubs, as well as the royal family, considered the subject of partial interest and self-esteem of the British – all this is England. According to the English-speaking Oxford Dictionary, the first use of […]...
24. The political system of Great Britain The head of state is Queen Elizabeth II. has been in office since 1952, being the 42th monarch of Great Britain and the 6th by the queen. Its power is nominal, that is, “reigns, but does not rule.” The power passes by heredity from one representative of the ruling dynasty to another in the order […]...
25. Law and Justice in the Middle Ages The barbarous peoples who settled in the territory of the former Roman Empire preserved their legal customs. They were transmitted orally, from generation to generation, and changed very slowly. With the emergence of barbarous states, it became necessary to fix their customs in writing. This was prompted by the immediate neighborhood with the Romans, who […]...
26. English traditions The English are famous for their ancient customs and traditions. Some traditional British dishes, holidays and sports are known all over the world. The tradition of a hearty breakfast has existed since the XVIII century. A full English breakfast became very popular after the First World War, at that time it was served in hotels […]...
27. Poland in the Middle Ages The Poles formed their state in the late 10th century. The first reliable Polish prince Mieszko I married a Czech princess Dubravka. He himself became a Catholic and turned all the Poles into Catholicism. His son Boleslaw I the Brave defeated the Germans who encroached on the Polish lands, and tried to capture the Old […]...
28. The beginning of the Hundred Years War After the death of Philip IV the Beautiful, the French throne belonged to three of his sons for 15 years. However, none of them left their heirs, and in 1328 the rule of the Capetian dynasty ceased. On the throne, the representative of her younger branch, Philip VI Valois, ascended. The British King Edward III […]...
29. Biography of Alfred Nobel Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite and other explosives, spent his enormous fortune, earned on his 365 patents, to found the Nobel Prize. Early years The fourth of eight children of Immanuel and Carolina Nobel, Alfred Bernhard Nobel was born on October 21, 1833 in the Swedish city of Stockholm. As a child, […]...
30. Strengthening of royal power in medieval France In 987, after the death of King Louis V of Lazy, the rule of the Carolingian dynasty ceased. The rulers of the duchies and counties elected a new king. He became a representative of the genus Robertinov – Count Hugo Capet. He was nicknamed the monastic hood, which was worn as a secular abbot of […]...
31. The emergence of Scandinavian states in the Middle Ages The basis of the economic and political life of Scandinavia in the days of the Vikings were free people Bond. They had their own farm, they used the right to carry arms and appeal to the courts. They were farmers, cattlemen, hunters and fishermen. All of them were considered equal, but often their rights depended […]...
32. History of the discovery and settlement of Australia Surprisingly, the name of the continent arose long before its discovery. Even ancient geographers were sure that in the southern latitudes there is “Unknown Southern Earth”. It was long sought by Europeans even in those days when America was already open. The first on the west coast of the Cape York peninsula landed in 1606, […]...
33. General characteristic of the literature of the Middle Ages Literature of the Middle Ages, briefly described, in the era of the IV to XV century, due to its existence, three sources: 1. folklore – it included ritual and labor songs, tales, epics; 2. ancient literature – especially the works of Virgil and Ovid; 3. Christianity – Holy Scripture, Lives of Saints, religious songs and […]...
34. Summary of the “Weiss Inquiry” In the twentieth century, the most prestigious international award was, undoubtedly, the Nobel Prize. Established her well-known Swedish experimental chemist and businessman Alfred Nobel. The future scientist was born in the family of architect and inventor Emmanuel Nobel in 1833. When Alfred was 9 years old, his father brought his family to Russia, where he […]...
35. The collapse of the Byzantine Empire. The Latin Empire At the end of the XI century. Crusades began. It would seem that this disaster will not affect the Byzantine capital – the center of Orthodoxy. But the organization of the Fourth Crusade was interrupted by a cunning old man – blind Venetian doge Enrico Dandolo. He conceived the hands of the Crusaders to destroy […]...
36. Feudal fragmentation During the reign of the Carolingians, the state system became more complex and ramified, but it remained imperfect. Charlemagne tried to prevent the excessive autonomy of his officials. He eliminated the position of the Dukes, who led the conquered large tribes. The whole territory of the state was divided into almost 200 counties. They were […]...
37. The reign of Philip IV the Beautiful The royal power was strengthened under Philip IV the Beautiful. He sought to expand his domain. The first marriage of Philip IV was married to Jeanne, the Queen of Navarre and the Countess de Champagne, thus joining these territories to France. The main purpose of Philip was to capture Geei and Gascony, still owned by […]...
38. Questions and answers to the work of J. Swift “Gulliver in the Land of the Lilliputians” How did Gulliver manage the money his father sent him? What was Gulliver’s most cherished dream? What did the first country Gulliver visited look like? How did the people of Lilliputians behave towards Gulliver? They met the Man of the Mountain quite affably, they gave him shelter, provided him with food. With him the Emperor […]...
39. The Board of the First Plantagenets In 1154 the king of England became the great-grandson of William the Conqueror Count of Anjou Henry II Plantagenet. He became the founder of the Plantagenet dynasty. Henry II owned considerable territories in France, which, with its ascent, the patron were annexed to England. It is clear that such a huge state was not easy […]...
40. The Frankish state of Merovingians In the middle of the V century. On the territory of modern Belgium arose the kingdom of seaside francs. In 481, their king became Clovis, of the sort of the legendary King of Merovei. In honor of him, the dynasty of Frankish kings in the first half of the VIII cc. called the Merovingians. The […]...