“Damned” questions of Russian history – revolution and renewal
In my opinion, every person has a dream of life, better than the one he has. Maybe that’s why the proverb came up: “It’s always better where we do not exist.”
But not only does an individual dream of personal happiness. All mankind is tormented by an eternal dream. Known in most ancient peoples, it was embodied in the idea of paradise. And at all times people, overwhelming the old power, hoped that after that they would be healed in complete happiness. Therefore, there was nothing new in the communist idea:
The whole world of violence we will destroy
Before the foundation, and then
We are ours, we will build a new world, –
Who was nobody – that will become everything.
The dream of building a “new world” is not it consonant with the eternal dream of mankind about paradise? Denying religion as “opium for the people”, the Bolsheviks conceived the offensive of the “kingdom
But the world religions apprehended the dream of heaven long before the Russian revolutionaries. In Christian interpretation, paradise is the place of eternal bliss in the afterlife for those who led a righteous earthly life.
And in the Koran we find a specific definition of paradise: “there are rivers of water that do not deteriorate and rivers of milk whose taste does not change, and rivers of wine, pleasant for drinkers, and a river of honey purified.”
But in these sayings the heavenly paradise, attained by man after death, is described. And the man wanted to see this fertile corner of the earth during his lifetime.
The first who undertook to describe it was the ancient Greek philosopher Plato. In the work “The State” he described the ideal political system. The state of Plato consists of three classes: rulers, guardians and the third estate – peasants, artisans, traders,
The main division of spheres of activity is determined by the appointment of estates. Each class must do what it is intended for, and the representatives of each class must master their skill perfectly: the rulers-philosophers-manage, the guard-guard the state from external and internal enemies, and the peasants and artisans-to produce material goods for themselves and for first two classes.
Each class corresponds to its ethical virtues: the rulers-philosophers-wisdom, guardians-courage, peasants and artisans-obedience. A harmonious combination of the activities of estates and their virtues creates a just state system. The state system and the idea of justice correspond to the human soul, consisting of three parts: rational, lusting and plant. To eradicate greed and greed, Plato proposed to eliminate private property.
In one version of the ideal state, he even proposed socializing wives, raising children to the state, and their place in public life is determined not by social origin, but according to inclinations and abilities.
In Syracuse in Sicily, Plato even tried to translate his idea into reality. However, nothing came of it. The philosopher was disappointed. His disappointment was reflected in the “Laws” written at the end of life. In this work, he portrayed a police barracks state, which forces people to be happy against their will.
The search for an ideal state and social structure continued in the Renaissance and led to the emergence of a genre of social utopia. The most notable representatives of the utopian genre were T. Mohr, T. Campanella, F. Bacon. The state on the island of Utopia at T. Mora is built on a communist basis – without private property, with democratic management, with distribution according to needs, with harmonious development of citizens engaged in mental and physical labor; men and women are equal in rights, the contradiction between town and country is overcome. But there is also slavery – for criminals who violated state laws.
This idea was further developed in Marx and Russian socialists. But when the Bolsheviks tried to implement it, it turned out that it was impracticable. As the genius of Russian poetry A. Pushkin said: “I do not think that the world could see the end of what comes from the depths of human nature, which, moreover, exists in nature – inequality.”
Summing up all that has been said, it is necessary to agree: “A miracle can not be replicated”. The dream of a “golden age”, universal equality, brotherhood and justice could be realized only in a special time, in a special place, under special circumstances. And only in a natural way, as if by itself.
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