Caste system in medieval India

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1. Castes and communities in medieval India In ancient times in India there was a division of society into four varnas. These are brahmanas, ksatriyas, vaisyas and sudras. At the beginning of our era in the organization of varnas there are significant changes. Each varna began to be divided into higher and lower castes. The most deprived of the lower caste were […]...
2. Main events, facts and facts on the topic “India. China” in the tables The states of China in the Middle Ages Sui Dynasty Construction of the Grand Canal; An attempt to unite China. Tang Dynasty Administrative reform; Insurrection of the peasants. The Age of “Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms” Song Dynasty Unification of China; 1234 – the conquest of China by the Mongols Yuan Dynasty Accession of Tibet; […]...
3. Religious life and customs of medieval India At the beginning of our era, Buddhism in India is declining. During the VIII-XII centuries. Hinduism comes to replace it, That has established itself as a state religion. Among the many gods in Hinduism, the most respected are Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva. They constitute the “Trimurti” – the triad of the main gods. In the […]...
4. Science and culture of medieval India In the Middle Ages in India favorable conditions were created for the development of education and science, in particular mathematics, astronomy, medicine. Indian mathematicians used the original decimal system of accounts, which with the Arabs subsequently fell into Europe. Hence the name – the Arabic numbers of the High level reached astronomy. Scientists have learned […]...
5. Culture of medieval India In medieval India, natural sciences developed, especially mathematics, astronomy, medicine. The Indians are the creators of the “Arabic numerals”, which all mathematicians now use. Our school arithmetic is also of Indian origin. Long-standing Indian methods of healing with medicinal herbs are studied by modern medics. Sanskrit-speaking literature developed. Lyrical works and plays of the great […]...
6. The Gupta Empire in medieval India At the dawn of the Middle Ages, India was divided into many small countries of the most diverse type. The boundaries between them changed even faster than the dynasties and ruling rajas. In North India, a large state association, Magadha, was formed. It occupied the middle reaches of the Ganges River. The rise of the […]...
7. Daily life, customs and traditions of medieval India Well-off Indians lived in spacious homes that had a bathroom and a restroom. The house was furnished with armchairs, beds, the floor was covered with mats, carpets, animal skins. The poor people huddled in reed huts. Male and female clothes were protozoa. At home everyone walked half-naked, people wore a long shirt and a cloak. […]...
8. Hinduism is the religion of India In medieval India, Buddhism gave way to a much simpler and more accessible religion – Hinduism. Why did this happen? First of all, because Buddhism denied caste inequality and thus came into conflict with the whole of Indian reality. Hinduism is at the same time a religion and a great many religions. There are hundreds […]...
9. Judicial power in medieval Europe Medieval Europe lived by written laws. At the dawn of the Middle Ages in the territory of the former Roman Empire, the court was carried out according to the collections of laws – barbaric “truths”. The “truths” clearly reflected the legal inequality of various social groups. Romanesque population adhered to the norms of Roman Law, […]...
10. The peasantry in medieval Europe On the third place in the medieval theory of the three classes are “those who work”, that is, the peasants. At the turn of the X-XI centuries. The land was already cultivated by mostly dependent peasants. There are several ways that peasants turned out depending on the feudal lord. With the development of feudal society, […]...
11. India – “The country of a thousand miracles.” Delhi Sultanate. The Mughal Empire At the end of the old – the beginning of a new era, India was repeatedly conquered by strangers. A huge country was inhabited by a great many peoples and tribes, so it was difficult to unite it to repel invaders. Political fragmentation contributed to the fact that the local nobility cared more for their […]...
12. Burgerry in medieval Europe The townspeople were divided into burghers and non-burghers. By Burghers from the XI-XIII centuries. called full-fledged townspeople who elected and could be elected to the organs of city government. Only one who had a mansion or a workshop in the city became a Burgess. All other townspeople belonged to the non-burghers: servants of burghers, apprentices, […]...
13. Customs and traditions of medieval China. Clothes, food, houses, holidays The basis of the economy of medieval China was agriculture, mainly – arable farming. At first the Chinese raised wheat and millet, but gradually they preferred rice. In the paddy rice fields, the Chinese bred fish, which was valued more meat. The development of rice growing and related laborious work in the fields formed the […]...
14. Trade and usury in medieval Europe Trade and craft were the economic basis of medieval cities. For a large part of the population this was the main occupation. In the XI-XV centuries. foreign, as well as transit, trade, which concentrated primarily in the two main European regions, developed significantly. One was the area of ​​the Mediterranean, where the trade routes that […]...
15. Population and appearance of the cities of medieval Europe The composition of the population of the medieval city was extremely heterogeneous. The craftsmen prevailed in it, who themselves sold their own products, combining in one person an artisan and a merchant. Most of the urban population was involved in the service sector. They belonged to hairdressers, owners of inns, laborers, servants, etc. In large […]...
16. Strengthening of royal power in medieval France In 987, after the death of King Louis V of Lazy, the rule of the Carolingian dynasty ceased. The rulers of the duchies and counties elected a new king. He became a representative of the genus Robertinov – Count Hugo Capet. He was nicknamed the monastic hood, which was worn as a secular abbot of […]...
17. Transport and communication in medieval Europe Medieval people – knights, merchants, artisans, monks, pilgrims – was in constant motion. They moved slowly enough, because then the vehicles did not develop a great speed. There were three types of transport: land, river and sea. The development of land transport was influenced by the condition of roads. Even the ancient Romans built a […]...
18. Clothing and footwear in medieval Europe Medieval Europeans dressed warmer than the Romans, because the climate in Europe was colder, besides, the church considered the body “sinful” and demanded to carefully cover it. Europeans managed only with outer clothing. The main details were a linen shirt, short pants, a top shirt, a raincoat. Gradually it became fashionable to wear thick stockings […]...
19. The emergence of medieval towns In the X-XI centuries. there is a revival of old and the emergence of new urban centers. This was predetermined by important economic processes, primarily the development of agriculture. During this period, the Bipolis spread, the production of grain and industrial crops increased, gardening, viticulture, gardening, livestock breeding developed. Surpluses of agricultural production peasants have […]...
20. Schools of medieval Europe The first educational institutions of the Middle Ages were monastery, parafial and cathedral schools. However, they usually taught only one teacher, or a master, as his contemporaries called it. He passed the entire course of study with every schoolboy. In schools, students studied “seven free arts.” It was a system of objects, from two levels. […]...
21. Universities of medieval Europe On the basis of several good schools there were universities. The first universities appeared in the XII century. in Bologna and Paris. Later, universities also appeared in other countries: Oxford and Cambridge in England, Salamansky in Spain, Prague in the Czech Republic, Krakowski in Poland, etc. At the end of the 15th century, in Europe […]...
22. The death of the empire of Charlemagne, the formation of the states of medieval Europe Charlemagne died in 814 and the throne passed to his son Louis the Pious. However, soon three sons of Louis pious Karl Lysy, Louis German and Lothar – began to seek from the father of the partition of the empire. In order to calm them down, Louis the Pious in 817 divided the empire between […]...
23. Slavs in medieval Europe. The influence of Byzantium on the Slavic culture An important role in the history of medieval Europe was played by the Slavs. They settled in Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe and were divided into western, eastern and southern. Slavic tribes lived during their stay and in the north of Europe – in the basin of the river. Laba, and on the Baltic coast. […]...
24. Society and government of medieval China The Chinese society consisted of: 1) a hereditary aristocracy; 2) officials; 3) free peasants and artisans, that is, “good people”; 4) hired workers, half-laborers and slaves, that is, “cheap people.” All of them were considered subjects of the emperor. The top of the society was the hereditary aristocracy, which was given certain titles and ranks. […]...
25. City culture of medieval Europe In medieval cities, a democratic secular culture was born and formed, closely related to folk art. Most brightly it manifested itself in the urban literature created by the national language, not Latin. From time immemorial, amusing entertaining stories, fables, parables were popular among the people, which were literally processed during the heyday of the cities. […]...
26. The role of religion and church in the life of medieval Europe In the life of the peoples of medieval Europe, the church played an exceptionally important role. She defined the life of a person from his birth to death, “kept him in constant fear for the fate of his soul after death.” Under the control of the church were not only the lower social classes, but […]...
27. Society and the state of medieval China The Chinese have achieved certain successes in their economic life. They used vodochnepalnye devices for watering garden crops on the hills, collected two crops a year, learned how to grow tea bushes, sugar cane. Chinese peasants have mastered the valley of the Yangtze River, cutting down the local jungle and draining the swamps. But they […]...
28. The emergence of medieval Europe. Roman and barbarian worlds in the middle of the first millennium Medieval Europe arose on the ruins of the Roman Empire not immediately, but for several centuries. It was formed as a result of the invasion of barbarian tribes, and above all Germanic tribes. These invasions completed the long process of unification of the Roman and barbarian worlds. How could these unlinky worlds come together, which […]...
29. Medieval heresies. The Inquisition The church became very rich. The higher clergy bathed in luxury, the laity called for living in poverty. For many, this provoked a protest. XII century. From a revelatory speech against the shortcomings of the bishops A former monk… received a diocese… He in two years, like a hungry boar, overgrown with fat. Once it […]...
30. Transport and communications in medieval Europe Although the royal authority also cared about the construction of roads, without which it was impossible to reliably manage the state, the road network in medieval Europe was disgusting. Cobbled roads were a rarity. The majority of the roads of that time are ordinary paths traversed through fields and meadows and laid in forest thickets. […]...
31. Feudal castle in medieval Europe At the end of IX c. in Europe, the construction of feudal castles begins. They were built not only by rich lords, but also by middle-class feudal lords. The massive construction of the castles was predetermined by constant invasions of enemies. Usually the castle was built on a hill or on a high bank, from […]...
32. Technical and engineering achievements of medieval Europe The world of things surrounded by a medieval man was created primarily by hand. The technique was introduced slowly, first in handicraft production – thanks to the appearance of cities and the development of metallurgy. It was in the manufacturing industry that the first mechanisms appeared, which were set in motion either by the man […]...
33. Medieval Poland. Grand Duchy of Lithuania Slavic tribal unions, which gave rise to the Polish state, occupied the territory between the Oder, Vistula and Warta rivers. In the X century. the princely dynasty of the Piastas is singled out, which united under its authority almost all the Polish lands. The main residence of the first Piastas was Gniezno. The legend connects […]...
34. Craft in the medieval city. Workshops The economic basis of the West European medieval city was the craft. Craftsmen of one or several related professions united in workshops. Several reasons contributed to this: first, it was easier for artisans to defend themselves against the willfulness of the feudal lords; secondly, the workshops had more opportunities to combat the competition of newcomers […]...
35. Religious life and culture of medieval China Since the beginning of the Middle Ages, Buddhism is spreading in China. In the VI. it becomes the state religion. It was the early Middle Ages that became the period of the establishment of Buddhism, which had a tremendous impact on the development of Chinese philosophy, literature and art. Buddhism absorbed local rites and the […]...
36. Medieval Kingdom The process of origin and formation of medieval states was long and difficult. Its origins come from the period of the disintegration of the tribal system among the Germanic tribes. In those days, the attributes of power – the crown and the scepter – were not yet there, so the chosen among the other warriors […]...
37. Clothing, footwear and jewelry in medieval Europe The clothing of people of the early Middle Ages was surprisingly monotonous. There were no big differences in the clothes of a nobleman and peasant, male and female clothes. It was based on short trousers and a linen shirt to the knees. Also put on another top shirt made of dense fabric, just below the […]...
38. Religion and culture of medieval China In the middle of the 1st millennium BC. e. among the Chinese leaders Buddhism spread. The common people preferred Taoism – a religion that upheld equality, condemned the craving for power, wealth and glory, promised immortality. But the most influential in the country was Confucianism, which turned into a kind of religion. The Chinese sought, […]...
39. Agriculture in medieval Europe Medieval Europe was quite clearly divided into two agricultural zones: 1) southern, Mediterranean, where the ancient traditions of ancient farming remained, and 2) a temperate climate zone located north of the Alpine mountains. In the south, the main grain crop was wheat. They also sowed barley, grew legumes, grapes, olives. Bread sowed under the winter: […]...
40. Food and drink in medieval Europe Food in the Middle Ages was fairly monotonous. Simple people – peasants and artisans – often ate rye bread, porridge, beans, turnips, cabbage or cereals, seasoned with onion and garlic. Traditional daily drinks were tinctures of forest berries, herbs, beer and wine. Meat spruce is rare, mainly for holidays. Occasionally used and dairy products. Quite […]...