Byzantine society was very colorful: aristocrats, officials, intellectuals, clergy, merchants, artisans, peasants and slaves. Aristocrats performed certain public duties in combination with a pleasant rest. Mental labor involved employees of state and church institutions,

Medieval Europe lived by written laws. At the dawn of the Middle Ages in the territory of the former Roman Empire, the court was carried out according to the collections of laws – barbaric

In the XIV-XV centuries. The royal power grew very strong and took control of the local church. French King Philip IV Beautiful even moved the papal capital from Rome to the French city of

Byzantium – a powerful state of the time with the capital of Constantinople, whose lands stretched along the southern coast of the Black Sea. Rus and Byzantium had long-standing ties, primarily trading. It was

In the Middle Ages in Europe, special, different than in the ancient world, social relations – feudal. What does this mean? Public feudal lords became feudal lords. Only they were the owners of the

The first in 1096 moved to distant Jerusalem detachments of French and German peasants – almost unarmed, without food supplies. On the way, they robbed and killed everyone, especially the Jews. Their fate was

People whose names and actions are fixed in the sources and whose actions influenced the course of historical events are called Historic Persons. A historical personality, for example, is Vladimir Monomakh. Look through the

According to the testament of Alexander Nevsky, his youngest son Daniil received possession of a small Moscow principality. Daniel set out to expand the boundaries of his possessions and began to collect Russian lands

In Byzantium, the career of an official was considered prestigious. It required a certain degree of education, which encouraged young people to learn. Education was not available to everyone, since there were few state

Resurrected Byzantium was a weak state. She was feverishly stricken by the cruel struggle for the throne, one area after another vanished from her, her wind was walking in her treasury, she was mercilessly

The first Carolingians were still majordomami with “lazy kings”. The most notable figure among them was Carl Martell. In 732, Carl Martell in the Battle of Poitiers defeated the Arabs and, perhaps, saved Europe

A country Prominent figures Developments Byzantine Empire 1) Justinian and Theodora 2) Leo III Isaurus 3) The Macedonian dynasty 4) Vasily II The Bulgarian 5) the Comnen dynasty 6) the Paleologic dynasty 1) the

As inventions of the late 19th – early 20th century. changed people’s lives? In the second half of 19 – in the early 20 century. In Ukraine, important changes occurred in people’s daily lives,

In Moscow, music lovers have long been loved. Therefore, long before the opening of the Imperial Bolshoi Theater, the rich noblemen created home theaters in their estates, where their own serf actors played. Representations

Attacks of Scandinavians continued intermittently from the end of the VIII century. and until the second half of the 11th century. In France, the “northern people” were known under the name of the Normans,

At the head of the Russian national school of democratic painting in the second half of the XIX century were artists who united in the “Association of Traveling Art Exhibitions.” It included IN Kramskoy,

At the beginning of the XII century. The German Empire united the lands of modern Germany and Austria. Switzerland, Belgium, Holland, the Czech Republic, parts of France and Northern and Central Italy. It was

The Moscow Kremlin is the oldest part of Moscow, the main socio-political and historical and artistic complex of the capital’s center, the seat of the highest state authorities of the country. The Russian state

The world’s first cinematographic session took place on December 28, 1895 in Paris. “Moving photo” – the invention of the Lumiere brothers – was a great success. Now it seems to us that in

A unique example of the irresistible desire of the city for independence is the history described in the chronicle of the abbot Guyiber Nogansky. It is about the struggle for self-government of the inhabitants

The death of Joan of Arc, as the British had hoped, did not change the course of the war. The French troops continued to advance successfully. The Burgundian Duke, realizing the hopelessness of the

The highest authority of the Germans was popular assemblies. All adult men participated in them, except for those who showed themselves to be cowards in battle. People’s congresses elected a council of elders, who

The fragmentation and princely internecine strife undermined the power of Russia. This situation in the XIII century. took advantage of the Mongol conquerors. The Mongols lived in the steppes of Central Asia. They were

1. How do historians determine the time of an event and what is chronology? Exploring the past, historian scholars answer time and again: When did this or that event occur? Determine the exact time

In the Middle Ages Europe was inhabited by Greeks, Romance peoples, Celts, Thracians, Germans, Balts, Slavs, Finno-Ugrians, and Asian and African minorities. In the V-XI centuries. the tribes and peoples of Europe have already