History

With the death of Muhammad, the question arose of his successor. Since, according to the teachings of Islam, there could be no other prophets after Muhammad, the new head of the Muslim community and the Arab state received the title of Khalif, which means “deputy prophet.” The first caliphs were elected from the companions and … Read more

Byzantine society was very colorful: aristocrats, officials, intellectuals, clergy, merchants, artisans, peasants and slaves. Aristocrats performed certain public duties in combination with a pleasant rest. Mental labor involved employees of state and church institutions, that is, bureaucracy. The average and higher officialdom lived not so much at the expense of state fees, but at the … Read more

Feudal disunity in Europe could not last forever because it quickly fed everyone. The unending feuds between the great feudal lords, with shaky royalty, cost the society dearly, because they were waged by the devastation and blood. Tired of them all – and the small and medium feudal lords, townspeople, and peasants. Many were convinced … Read more

Medieval Europe lived by written laws. At the dawn of the Middle Ages in the territory of the former Roman Empire, the court was carried out according to the collections of laws – barbaric “truths”. The “truths” clearly reflected the legal inequality of various social groups. Romanesque population adhered to the norms of Roman Law, … Read more

Political changes in Germany continued. In it, in particular, the Swiss Union was formed. This took care of the Alpine shepherds, who rebelled against the Habsburgs. The beginning of the Swiss struggle for independence is connected with the courageous act of William Tell. This Swiss peasant allegedly refused to bow to the royal governor’s hat. … Read more

In the XIV-XV centuries. The royal power grew very strong and took control of the local church. French King Philip IV Beautiful even moved the papal capital from Rome to the French city of Avignon. “Avignon Prisoner” Dad lasted 70 years. Back in the XIII century. the order of election was changed so that secular … Read more

The most important institution of state government in Russia in the pre-Mongol period was the prince’s power. The prince was not only the supreme ruler of the country or the land, but also the legislative administrator of all local life. In the state administration, the boyars played an important role. They were noble, rich people … Read more

Byzantium – a powerful state of the time with the capital of Constantinople, whose lands stretched along the southern coast of the Black Sea. Rus and Byzantium had long-standing ties, primarily trading. It was from Byzantium that Christianity came to our land – faith in the triune God – the Father God, his Son – … Read more

The political successes of the Moscow principality, achieved during the reign of Dmitry Donskoy, were consolidated and developed by his successors. The son of Dmitry Donskoy, Prince Vasily I shortly after ascension to the throne annexed the principality of Nizhny Novgorod, as well as lands in the Vychegda river basin, populated by the Komi people. … Read more

In the Middle Ages in Europe, special, different than in the ancient world, social relations – feudal. What does this mean? Public feudal lords became feudal lords. Only they were the owners of the land. Therefore, all who used the land, depended on them. The feudal lords were not equal in rank and wealth, but … Read more

New Year comes to people in different countries at different times. He does not everywhere smell of fir-tree and snow. People celebrate the New Year according to the traditions of their ancestors. How many peoples, so many New Year’s customs. In India, the New Year comes several times. In the north – in April, in … Read more

The first in 1096 moved to distant Jerusalem detachments of French and German peasants – almost unarmed, without food supplies. On the way, they robbed and killed everyone, especially the Jews. Their fate was sad. The Byzantine emperor quickly sent them across the Bosporus to Asia Minor, where the Seljuks almost all this “army” and … Read more

After the death of Philip IV, three of his sons died one after the other under mysterious circumstances. The grandees proclaimed King Philip VI Long – a representative of the genus Valois. He wrote in 1328 the royal dynasty of Valois, which existed in France until 1589. However, the new dynasty was not lucky. Philip … Read more

People whose names and actions are fixed in the sources and whose actions influenced the course of historical events are called Historic Persons. A historical personality, for example, is Vladimir Monomakh. Look through the pages of the textbook and name the others. The historical personality, whose name became the symbol of the Ukrainian revival, is … Read more

The history of the Middle Ages is studied using numerous historical sources: architectural landmarks, material monuments, written historical sources, ethnographic sources, etc. The preserved architectural monuments seem to transfer us to the distant past. And today in many cities of Europe you can see old churches and cathedrals, castles and fortress walls, as well as … Read more

According to the testament of Alexander Nevsky, his youngest son Daniil received possession of a small Moscow principality. Daniel set out to expand the boundaries of his possessions and began to collect Russian lands around Moscow. Moscow was in an area suitable for farming, cattle breeding and fisheries, at the intersection of important river trade … Read more

By the middle of XI century. German emperors considered the popes to be their servants – they appointed them and overthrew them. But the Catholic church still broke out of their death grip. In 1056 the German throne was occupied by the six-year-old Henry IV. While he was growing up, the power in the state … Read more

In Byzantium, the career of an official was considered prestigious. It required a certain degree of education, which encouraged young people to learn. Education was not available to everyone, since there were few state schools, only clergy used to prepare church and monasteries, and private ones were paid. In addition, books were a luxury, not … Read more

1. What groups of the population are witnessed by the sources of the times of Kievan Rus and the subsequent centuries? During the emergence of the first state on our lands – with the center in Kiev – the inhabitants of Rus were divided into certain groups. Everyone did his job: some grew bread, others … Read more

Resurrected Byzantium was a weak state. She was feverishly stricken by the cruel struggle for the throne, one area after another vanished from her, her wind was walking in her treasury, she was mercilessly plundered by the Genoese merchant class. Of the external enemies, it was most of all pestered by the Italian Normans, the … Read more

The most honorable place in the medieval society of Europe was occupied by the clergy. It was formed in the early Middle Ages, when Europe became Christian. The main duty of the clergy was to perform worship and church ordinances. The clergy were not homogeneous. It was divided into categories – spiritual dignities, from the … Read more

The first Carolingians were still majordomami with “lazy kings”. The most notable figure among them was Carl Martell. In 732, Carl Martell in the Battle of Poitiers defeated the Arabs and, perhaps, saved Europe from this Arab invasion. This battle convinced Karl Martell that it was time to replace the militiamen with warriors-horsemen in the … Read more

Literacy in North-Eastern Russia in the XIII-XV centuries. Special distribution has not received. In the monasteries and at the prince’s court they copied books, which were beautifully decorated. Wrote on parchment or on birch bark – birch. In the XIV century. in Russia there was a cheap paper. Russian travelers described Constantinople, and the Tver … Read more

A country Prominent figures Developments Byzantine Empire 1) Justinian and Theodora 2) Leo III Isaurus 3) The Macedonian dynasty 4) Vasily II The Bulgarian 5) the Comnen dynasty 6) the Paleologic dynasty 1) the code of Justinian The uprising of “Nika” Church of St. Sophia 2) iconoclasm 3) “Golden Age” of the empire; The flowering … Read more

In the vicinity of Moscow there are forests and groves, where the neighborhood of the city is not felt at all, only large planes pass through their highways in the sky… Narrow forest paths converge on large roads. The roads approach the outskirts of the city. New quarters appear between thin white birches, between gray … Read more

As inventions of the late 19th – early 20th century. changed people’s lives? In the second half of 19 – in the early 20 century. In Ukraine, important changes occurred in people’s daily lives, primarily due to the emergence of new modes of transport and new ways of transmitting information over long distances. It was … Read more

1. What is the value of the arms and seals for history? On coins, flags, pages of books, pictures, weapons, and sometimes on dishes and other objects, special conditional images happen. Sometimes such images are whimsical and complex: lions, leaning against city walls, eagles with outstretched wings and sharp claws, dragons and snakes, sabers, spears, … Read more

In Moscow, music lovers have long been loved. Therefore, long before the opening of the Imperial Bolshoi Theater, the rich noblemen created home theaters in their estates, where their own serf actors played. Representations could begin to dawn and lasted until darkness, until the host and his guests were satisfied with the play of the … Read more

Not only the Arabs, but also other peoples of the Caliphate who took up Islam, the Arabic language and writing took part in the formation of Arab culture. Successfully developed in the Arab world natural sciences: mathematics, astronomy, geography, medicine. Arab mathematicians have created algebra. In Baghdad and Damascus already in the IX. there were … Read more

Attacks of Scandinavians continued intermittently from the end of the VIII century. and until the second half of the 11th century. In France, the “northern people” were known under the name of the Normans, in England they were called the Danes, in Byzantium – varangas, in Russia – by the Varangians. In the Scandinavian warriors … Read more

The royal power was strengthened under Philip IV the Beautiful. He sought to expand his domain. The first marriage of Philip IV was married to Jeanne, the Queen of Navarre and the Countess de Champagne, thus joining these territories to France. The main purpose of Philip was to capture Geei and Gascony, still owned by … Read more

At the head of the Russian national school of democratic painting in the second half of the XIX century were artists who united in the “Association of Traveling Art Exhibitions.” It included IN Kramskoy, IE Repin, VI Surikov, VG Perov, VD Polenov, AK Savrasov, II Shishkin, VM Vasnetsov, AI Kuindzhi, II Levitan and others. They … Read more

1. What event is called the Ukrainian revolution? When in 1917 in the capital of the Russian Empire Petrograd the power of the tsar was overthrown, Ukrainian parties and public organizations created the Ukrainian Central Rada. It was headed by Mikhail Grushevsky. The Central Rada elected the government – the General Secretariat headed by Vladimir … Read more

At the beginning of the XII century. The German Empire united the lands of modern Germany and Austria. Switzerland, Belgium, Holland, the Czech Republic, parts of France and Northern and Central Italy. It was a collection of separate territories, which, in effect, were controlled by independent secular and ecclesiastical princes. Emerging from the crisis of … Read more

Human society is constantly developing, becoming more complex, improving. To better reflect this forward development, the scholars agreed to divide the world history into Periods. In the XVIII century. they singled out three such periods: “antiquity”, “medievalism” and “new time”. To them was later added a fourth, “new” period. In this chain of periods in … Read more

The Moscow Kremlin is the oldest part of Moscow, the main socio-political and historical and artistic complex of the capital’s center, the seat of the highest state authorities of the country. The Russian state shows constant concern for the precious ensemble-monument. In 1973, the restoration of the Kremlin began, which is now complete. The ancient … Read more

A considerable part of Middle Italy was occupied by the papal state. Its capital was Rome. It wedged in between the northern and southern parts of Italy and became an additional obstacle to the unification of the country. The popes were haunted by the big feudal lords, who only in Rome had about 200 of … Read more

The world’s first cinematographic session took place on December 28, 1895 in Paris. “Moving photo” – the invention of the Lumiere brothers – was a great success. Now it seems to us that in the cinema there is nothing unusual, everything is so simple. But to come up with this simple way of representing reality, … Read more

Italy was more fortunate than other Western European countries. It better preserved the ancient heritage, the economic life was rampant, it became the center of the Catholic world. However, the political fate of her was unenviable. The country went to one conqueror, then another – Lombards, Byzantines, Franks, Arabs, Normans. The cities did not contribute … Read more

A unique example of the irresistible desire of the city for independence is the history described in the chronicle of the abbot Guyiber Nogansky. It is about the struggle for self-government of the inhabitants of the northern French city of Laon – the property of Bishop Godry, famous for his stinginess and ruthlessness. In 1108, … Read more

There was a man who was not afraid of the Meccan merchant class. It was Mohammed. He was born in Mecca around 570. Early orphaned. At the age of 25, I married a rich widow Khadija, who helped to lead the trade and who became his true companion for life. When Muhammad was about 40 … Read more

The death of Joan of Arc, as the British had hoped, did not change the course of the war. The French troops continued to advance successfully. The Burgundian Duke, realizing the hopelessness of the position of the British, hastened to reconcile with the French king. In the spring of 1436 Charles VII took Paris. He … Read more

The population of North-Eastern Russia consisted of peasants, large, medium and small landowners, clergy, and townspeople. The Russian peasantry suffered a worse fate than the West European. If in the countries of Western Europe at sunset medieval peasants were released from corvée, in Rus, on the contrary, they were enslaved. At first, the Russian peasant … Read more

The highest authority of the Germans was popular assemblies. All adult men participated in them, except for those who showed themselves to be cowards in battle. People’s congresses elected a council of elders, who alone could solve only minor matters. The Germans also had Konungs and military leaders. The konungs became due to their origin, … Read more

The word “scholasticism” comes from the Greek. “scientist” and means direction in philosophy. At first the scholastics called people involved in the school: those who study, or those who teach. In the time of Charlemagne, the word “scholastic” meant “teacher.” Since the XI century. this name has spread to those who are engaged in science, … Read more

The fragmentation and princely internecine strife undermined the power of Russia. This situation in the XIII century. took advantage of the Mongol conquerors. The Mongols lived in the steppes of Central Asia. They were nomadic tribes, breeding horses, oxen and sheep. In 1206, at the kurultai of the Mongolian nobility, the leader of one of … Read more

At dawn of the Middle Ages, the territory of Europe was inhabited by different tribes and nationalities. Among them, the formation of a future Europe was mostly influenced by the Celts. Romanesque nationalities, Thracians, Germans, Balts, Threatened Finns, Slavs, Asians and Africans, Arabs, Jews, Berbers, Turks also played a significant role. This motley and multilingual … Read more

1. How do historians determine the time of an event and what is chronology? Exploring the past, historian scholars answer time and again: When did this or that event occur? Determine the exact time of a particular event, that is, its date, helps Chronology is a science that studies ways of calculating time. Not always … Read more

1. What role in the 19th century? played Kharkov University in the development of Ukrainian culture? In the early 19th century. in the part of Ukraine that was part of the Russian Empire, there were no higher educational institutions. In 1805, through the efforts of Vasily Karazin and other public figures, a university was founded … Read more

In the Middle Ages Europe was inhabited by Greeks, Romance peoples, Celts, Thracians, Germans, Balts, Slavs, Finno-Ugrians, and Asian and African minorities. In the V-XI centuries. the tribes and peoples of Europe have already sufficiently mixed up among themselves. Medieval people were restless. The merchants, schoolchildren, students, beggars, tramps, monks, pilgrims, masters, artists, singers, etc., … Read more