Heroic epos and knightly culture of the Middle Ages

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1. Heroic epic of the Middle Ages The epic of the mature Middle Ages is a heroic knightly epic. Compared with the early Middle Ages, a change in the consciousness of the characters occurs. Heroes are notable knights. Gradual democratization of the heroes (for example, Sid, this is due to the reconquest). An important place in the epic is the image of […]...
2. The best literary works of the Middle Ages Prominent in the medieval literature of Europe was the heroic Epos, which originated in the era of the Great Migration of Nations. For a long time, in the depths of the bygone years, A living song was composed by the poet About the wise, kind kings And about their artful enemies, About the knights, who […]...
3. Knighthood and knights in the Middle Ages Knighthood entered the bright page in the history of medieval European culture. In their epic works, those knights whom God bestowed on the “honey of poetry” sang the boundless devotion of the knight to the beautiful and noble lady, layman to the church, vassal to the seigneur. In the XII century. from ancient Celtic legends […]...
4. Culture of the Arab world of the Middle Ages The culture of the countries of the caliphate is predominantly called the Arab one. This is not entirely correct, because it also included the culture of the Syrians, the Egyptians, the Iranians, the peoples of Central Asia. However, the language of this culture was Arabic, and the unifying element was Islam. In addition, the Arabs […]...
5. General characteristic of the literature of the Middle Ages Literature of the Middle Ages, briefly described, in the era of the IV to XV century, due to its existence, three sources: 1. folklore – it included ritual and labor songs, tales, epics; 2. ancient literature – especially the works of Virgil and Ovid; 3. Christianity – Holy Scripture, Lives of Saints, religious songs and […]...
6. Medieval heroic epic During the Middle Ages, the development of the traditions of folk epic literature continues. This is one of the significant stages of its history, when the heroic epic became the most important link in the medieval book literature. The heroic epos of the Mature Middle Ages reflected the processes of ethnic and state consolidation and […]...
7. Culture and art of the Arab world in the Middle Ages Not only the Arabs, but also other peoples of the Caliphate who took up Islam, the Arabic language and writing took part in the formation of Arab culture. Successfully developed in the Arab world natural sciences: mathematics, astronomy, geography, medicine. Arab mathematicians have created algebra. In Baghdad and Damascus already in the IX. there were […]...
8. Culture of the Middle Ages After the death of the Western Roman Empire, the West plunged into the darkness of decline and barbarism. This resulted not so much in the barbaric conquests, as in the confusion and indifference of the population. People did not have neither the strength nor the desire to resist the oppression of life’s circumstances. But the […]...
9. European culture of the early Middle Ages At the heart of medieval culture is a combination of ancient heritage and traditions of barbarian peoples. Christianity fell by force, which managed to unite them. At the turn of the V-VI centuries. the center of cultural and spiritual development was the Ostrogothic Kingdom in Italy. The outstanding personality of the “Ost-Goth Revival” was the […]...
10. Schools and universities in the Middle Ages. Foci of Education and Culture The European Middle Ages borrowed the school education system from antiquity, but enriched it, adapted it to new conditions. In the Middle Ages, both secular and secular schools were opened. They studied the children of feudal lords, townspeople, clergy, well-to-do peasants. The schools taught “seven free arts”: grammar, rhetoric, dialectics, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music. […]...
11. The main sources on the history of the Middle Ages The history of the Middle Ages is studied using numerous historical sources: architectural landmarks, material monuments, written historical sources, ethnographic sources, etc. The preserved architectural monuments seem to transfer us to the distant past. And today in many cities of Europe you can see old churches and cathedrals, castles and fortress walls, as well as […]...
12. Normans in the Middle Ages The Scandinavian peninsula is almost 2,000 km deep in Europe. Long ago it was inhabited by the northern Germanic tribes, which in Western Europe were called Normans, that is, “people of the North”. Of these, Danes, Swedes and Norwegians separated, who later formed their states. Most of the Scandinavian Peninsula was occupied by forests and […]...
13. Celtic epos Ancient Irish, or Celtic, epic represents a huge historical and artistic interest. With the exception of literature in the Anglo-Saxon language, which has survived only in insignificant fragments, it is the oldest literature of Western Europe. Irish sagas have evolved over several centuries. The emergence of the most ancient of them dates back to the […]...
14. Bibliographic Dictionary of the Middle Ages Abelard Pierre. An outstanding thinker of medieval Europe. The predecessor of the scholastics. I sought reinforcement of the dogma of reason, so I inevitably fell into heresy. The church condemned him for “the impudence with which he delves into divine secrets.” I wrote a brilliant memo of medieval literature – “The History of My Disasters”. […]...
15. Heroic Act Composition For sure, each of us has read and heard about people who committed feats and heroic deeds. There are many examples of animal heroes who gave their lives for a person or simply by faith and truth served him. But in the story of E. I. Nosov “The White Goose” we meet with an example […]...
16. Where do our knowledge of the Middle Ages come from? The Middle Ages is closer to us in time than antiquity, and therefore there are more historical sources left from it. In particular, many buildings, tools, weapons, works of art, etc., have been preserved from the Middle Ages. Some of them were discovered by archaeologists during excavations, some of them carefully preserved by descendants as […]...
17. Law and Justice in the Middle Ages The barbarous peoples who settled in the territory of the former Roman Empire preserved their legal customs. They were transmitted orally, from generation to generation, and changed very slowly. With the emergence of barbarous states, it became necessary to fix their customs in writing. This was prompted by the immediate neighborhood with the Romans, who […]...
18. Summary “At the outpost of the heroic” In the Tsitsarskaya steppe, near Kiev, stood a hero’s outpost. Ilya Muromets was there ataman, Dobrynya Nikitich – under the ataman, Alyosha Popovich – by the captain. With them were the brave warriors: boyar son Grishka, Vasily Dolgopoly and others. Passing them, no one could go to Kiev. Even the beast and the bird did […]...
19. Poland in the Middle Ages The Poles formed their state in the late 10th century. The first reliable Polish prince Mieszko I married a Czech princess Dubravka. He himself became a Catholic and turned all the Poles into Catholicism. His son Boleslaw I the Brave defeated the Germans who encroached on the Polish lands, and tried to capture the Old […]...
20. The Legacy of the Middle Ages The era of the Middle Ages is long gone. However, it should not be forgotten that it was in the Middle Ages that the foundation of the modern world was laid. The Middle Ages largely changed the map of Europe, since most European and Asian states arose. European nations were formed and languages ​​were formed, […]...
21. The concept of “the history of the Middle Ages” The concept of “Middle Ages” appeared in everyday life in the XV century. in the environment of Italian humanists. From literary sources it is known that it was the historian Flavio Biondo, when working on the “History of the Fall of Rome,” began to use the notion of the “Middle Ages”. The humanists perceived their […]...
22. What is the “history of the Middle Ages”? Italian scientists back in the XV century. introduced the term “Middle Ages” or “Middle Ages”. They considered the Middle Ages a difficult page in European history, its “dark era.” Like, then, the high achievements of the Greco-Roman civilization were lost – people became uncultured, cruel, destroyed each other in numerous wars, and in their political […]...
23. Development of knowledge in the Middle Ages. Alchemy Until the XIII century. Europeans drew knowledge mainly from the Bible and ordinary observations. This knowledge was not backed by experience, so it was often fantastic. For example, the world was represented to man in the form of three whales, which hold the Earth, inhabited by pesigolovtsami and other monsters. We thought that the “heavenly […]...
24. Chronological framework and periodization of the history of the Middle Ages The Middle Ages are an epoch in the history of Europe, spanning over a thousand years. The beginning of the Middle Ages is considered to be 476, when the leader of the Germans Odoakr defeated the last Roman Emperor Romulus Augustul. The Middle Ages ended in 1492 with the discovery of America. In the history […]...
25. Is the valiant knight Don Quixote of La Mancha ridiculous? Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra conceived a novel about Don Quixote as a parody of the knightly novels that overrun medieval Spain. But the parodies, according to critics, did not work. There was a novel that did not resemble any of those that existed at that time – a novel about a naive, noble, half-twisted man […]...
26. The Spiritual World of Northern European Nations in the Middle Ages The Scandinavians were pagans. Their mythology is a collection of stories about the warlike gods who lived in Asgard – the Scandinavian Olympus. In Asgard, three major gods dominated – One, Thor and Freyr. The Supreme God was One – the god of war and wisdom. He was one-eyed, because he gave the second eye […]...
27. Clergy in the Middle Ages Medieval man was deeply convinced that the most important thing in his life was a relationship with God, and care for the salvation of the souls of Christians was just the responsibility of the clergy. Therefore, an exceptionally important, much more weighty, than fulfilling any other duties, was God’s belonging to a spiritual dignity. The […]...
28. Rise of the papacy in the era of the developed Middle Ages Dependence on secular power reduced the moral standards of the clergy and church discipline. Monastic regulations were not observed, monasticism degenerated, monks were looked upon as ignoramuses and idlers. This led to monasticism in the movement for the reform of monasteries, the rise of the role of the clergy and the liberation of the church […]...
29. Medieval knight romance Knightly novel – a new epic genre, which is formed in European literature in the XII century. Originally the word “romance” refers to works written not in Latin, but in one of the Romance languages ​​(hence the word “romance”). However, later it began to designate a new epic genre, formed within the knightly courtly culture. […]...
30. Complication of the social structure in the Middle Ages Over time, society developed, an increasingly prominent role in medieval life begins to play cities and, accordingly, artisans and merchants, who in the scheme of the medieval classes did not find a place. Subsequently, the townspeople were ranked in the third estate, the skeleton of which nevertheless was the peasantry. In the life of the […]...
31. Migration, epidemics, war and famine in the Middle Ages In the Middle Ages Europe was inhabited by Greeks, Romance peoples, Celts, Thracians, Germans, Balts, Slavs, Finno-Ugrians, and Asian and African minorities. In the V-XI centuries. the tribes and peoples of Europe have already sufficiently mixed up among themselves. Medieval people were restless. The merchants, schoolchildren, students, beggars, tramps, monks, pilgrims, masters, artists, singers, etc., […]...
32. The interaction of man and nature in the Middle Ages Man during the Middle Ages was much closer to nature than we are now. However, it would be wrong to consider that the relationship between man and nature was harmonious. Nature often forced a man to feel his weakness. Reserves in the barn of a peasant or a feudal lord, on which their life depended, […]...
33. The city in the Middle Ages. Description The city was located so that it was convenient to surround it with a protective wall, but that the environment should serve as protection for it. The first medieval cities were surrounded by an earthen rampart and a wooden palisade, the later ones were already renewed with one, two or even three stone battlements with […]...
34. The development of technology in the Middle Ages In the Middle Ages, the development of technology passed slowly, in the process of accumulation and transfer of practical experience. In agriculture, mainly agricultural implements were improved, for example, in the 11th-12th centuries. Instead of a light plow, they started using a heavy iron wheeled plow with a blade and a gear harrow. In general, […]...
35. The architecture and influence of the church on it in the Middle Ages. Gothick style In medieval Europe, architecture and art felt a strong church influence. This was due to the fact that the church culture was understandable and accessible, and the church – the main customer of architectural structures and works of art. Until the XI century. In the European church architecture, the Romanesque style dominated. It was formed […]...
36. Man and nature in the Middle Ages In the Middle Ages, the population depended entirely on the natural and climatic conditions. The peculiarities of nature prompted which dwellings and settlements should be built, which transport – water or land – to use, which tools to produce. From the landscape and climate depended even the character of the man himself. Medieval Europe was […]...
37. Legacy of the Middle Ages People study the past in order to better understand the present, make fewer annoying mistakes and, as far as possible, foresee the future. But does the Middle Ages have any relation to the present? It turns out, has, and the most direct. It was in the Middle Ages that modern states and peoples appeared in […]...
38. Hungary in the Middle Ages The lands between the rivers Tisza and the Danube were inhabited long ago by Slavic tribes and, perhaps, by the ancestors of modern Romanians and Moldavians. At the end of IX c. there were migrated through the Carpathians Ugrians, who were pressed from the southern Russian steppes of the Pechenegs. They defeated the Great Moravian […]...
39. Basic dates and facts on the history of the Middle Ages Main dates on the history of the Middle Ages 395 The division of the Roman Empire into the Eastern and Western 476 The demise of the Roman Empire 486 Foundation of the Frankish Kingdom 610 Beginning of sermons by Mohammed 622 Relocation of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina 732 The Battle of Poitiers – the […]...
40. Three classes: the clergy, chivalry and the peasantry. Who worked for whom in the Middle Ages? In the idea of ​​a medieval man, a properly organized society consists of three Estates – the clergy, chivalry and peasantry. XI century. From the work of Bishop Adalberon Lansky The community of believers is a single body, but the state consists of three bodies, because another law, human, distinguishes two great estates… One class […]...