Faith and science in the Middle Ages. Philosophy

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1. What is the “history of the Middle Ages”? Italian scientists back in the XV century. introduced the term “Middle Ages” or “Middle Ages”. They considered the Middle Ages a difficult page in European history, its “dark era.” Like, then, the high achievements of the Greco-Roman civilization were lost – people became uncultured, cruel, destroyed each other in numerous wars, and in their political […]...
2. Roger Bacon and the emergence of experienced knowledge in the Middle Ages Scholastic approach to the knowledge of the surrounding world was not shared by all medieval scientists. After all, scholasticism called for believing authorities and learning the world through the book. Since the XIII century, there has been a deep interest in the study of nature and its phenomena. One of the first to insist on […]...
3. Knighthood and knights in the Middle Ages Knighthood entered the bright page in the history of medieval European culture. In their epic works, those knights whom God bestowed on the “honey of poetry” sang the boundless devotion of the knight to the beautiful and noble lady, layman to the church, vassal to the seigneur. In the XII century. from ancient Celtic legends […]...
4. Legacy of the Middle Ages People study the past in order to better understand the present, make fewer annoying mistakes and, as far as possible, foresee the future. But does the Middle Ages have any relation to the present? It turns out, has, and the most direct. It was in the Middle Ages that modern states and peoples appeared in […]...
5. The concept of “the history of the Middle Ages” The concept of “Middle Ages” appeared in everyday life in the XV century. in the environment of Italian humanists. From literary sources it is known that it was the historian Flavio Biondo, when working on the “History of the Fall of Rome,” began to use the notion of the “Middle Ages”. The humanists perceived their […]...
6. Marriage and children in the Middle Ages At the dawn of the Middle Ages, marriages in Europe were influenced by Roman and barbarous traditions. Thus, Roman law legalized early marriages – from the age of 12, but until the end of the Middle Ages, the marriage age in Europe increased by several years. Traditions of the barbarians, unlike the ancient, allowed marriages […]...
7. The Legacy of the Middle Ages The era of the Middle Ages is long gone. However, it should not be forgotten that it was in the Middle Ages that the foundation of the modern world was laid. The Middle Ages largely changed the map of Europe, since most European and Asian states arose. European nations were formed and languages ​​were formed, […]...
8. Development of knowledge in the Middle Ages. Alchemy Until the XIII century. Europeans drew knowledge mainly from the Bible and ordinary observations. This knowledge was not backed by experience, so it was often fantastic. For example, the world was represented to man in the form of three whales, which hold the Earth, inhabited by pesigolovtsami and other monsters. We thought that the “heavenly […]...
9. Where do our knowledge of the Middle Ages come from? The Middle Ages is closer to us in time than antiquity, and therefore there are more historical sources left from it. In particular, many buildings, tools, weapons, works of art, etc., have been preserved from the Middle Ages. Some of them were discovered by archaeologists during excavations, some of them carefully preserved by descendants as […]...
10. Schools and universities in the Middle Ages. Foci of Education and Culture The European Middle Ages borrowed the school education system from antiquity, but enriched it, adapted it to new conditions. In the Middle Ages, both secular and secular schools were opened. They studied the children of feudal lords, townspeople, clergy, well-to-do peasants. The schools taught “seven free arts”: grammar, rhetoric, dialectics, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music. […]...
11. The architecture and influence of the church on it in the Middle Ages. Gothick style In medieval Europe, architecture and art felt a strong church influence. This was due to the fact that the church culture was understandable and accessible, and the church – the main customer of architectural structures and works of art. Until the XI century. In the European church architecture, the Romanesque style dominated. It was formed […]...
12. General characteristic of the literature of the Middle Ages Literature of the Middle Ages, briefly described, in the era of the IV to XV century, due to its existence, three sources: 1. folklore – it included ritual and labor songs, tales, epics; 2. ancient literature – especially the works of Virgil and Ovid; 3. Christianity – Holy Scripture, Lives of Saints, religious songs and […]...
13. Chronological framework and periodization of the history of the Middle Ages The Middle Ages are an epoch in the history of Europe, spanning over a thousand years. The beginning of the Middle Ages is considered to be 476, when the leader of the Germans Odoakr defeated the last Roman Emperor Romulus Augustul. The Middle Ages ended in 1492 with the discovery of America. In the history […]...
14. The main sources on the history of the Middle Ages The history of the Middle Ages is studied using numerous historical sources: architectural landmarks, material monuments, written historical sources, ethnographic sources, etc. The preserved architectural monuments seem to transfer us to the distant past. And today in many cities of Europe you can see old churches and cathedrals, castles and fortress walls, as well as […]...
15. Clergy in the Middle Ages Medieval man was deeply convinced that the most important thing in his life was a relationship with God, and care for the salvation of the souls of Christians was just the responsibility of the clergy. Therefore, an exceptionally important, much more weighty, than fulfilling any other duties, was God’s belonging to a spiritual dignity. The […]...
16. Culture of the Arab world of the Middle Ages The culture of the countries of the caliphate is predominantly called the Arab one. This is not entirely correct, because it also included the culture of the Syrians, the Egyptians, the Iranians, the peoples of Central Asia. However, the language of this culture was Arabic, and the unifying element was Islam. In addition, the Arabs […]...
17. Bibliographic Dictionary of the Middle Ages Abelard Pierre. An outstanding thinker of medieval Europe. The predecessor of the scholastics. I sought reinforcement of the dogma of reason, so I inevitably fell into heresy. The church condemned him for “the impudence with which he delves into divine secrets.” I wrote a brilliant memo of medieval literature – “The History of My Disasters”. […]...
18. Composition on the topic of faith Faith is the inner conviction of a person, his personal truth, truth. Faith is strong and unshakable. There is also such a belief that external circumstances can crush. People believe in God, in higher intelligence, in ideas, in other people and in themselves. From what a person believes or does not believe, his thoughts, actions, […]...
19. Chronology and periodization of the history of the Middle Ages Human society is constantly developing, becoming more complex, improving. To better reflect this forward development, the scholars agreed to divide the world history into Periods. In the XVIII century. they singled out three such periods: “antiquity”, “medievalism” and “new time”. To them was later added a fourth, “new” period. In this chain of periods in […]...
20. Culture and art of the Arab world in the Middle Ages Not only the Arabs, but also other peoples of the Caliphate who took up Islam, the Arabic language and writing took part in the formation of Arab culture. Successfully developed in the Arab world natural sciences: mathematics, astronomy, geography, medicine. Arab mathematicians have created algebra. In Baghdad and Damascus already in the IX. there were […]...
21. Culture of the Middle Ages After the death of the Western Roman Empire, the West plunged into the darkness of decline and barbarism. This resulted not so much in the barbaric conquests, as in the confusion and indifference of the population. People did not have neither the strength nor the desire to resist the oppression of life’s circumstances. But the […]...
22. Marriage and family in the Middle Ages In the Middle Ages, marriage was considered a family affair and was in charge of the church. This guardianship consisted in the attempt of the church to control the conclusion of marriages. Marriage was considered legal if the young and their families performed a special ceremony of betrothal, orders for a dowry of the bride, […]...
23. Migration, epidemics, war and famine in the Middle Ages In the Middle Ages Europe was inhabited by Greeks, Romance peoples, Celts, Thracians, Germans, Balts, Slavs, Finno-Ugrians, and Asian and African minorities. In the V-XI centuries. the tribes and peoples of Europe have already sufficiently mixed up among themselves. Medieval people were restless. The merchants, schoolchildren, students, beggars, tramps, monks, pilgrims, masters, artists, singers, etc., […]...
24. Christianity in the early Middle Ages At the beginning of the Middle Ages, Christianity for almost two centuries was the official religion of the Roman Empire. Support for the church by the state contributed to its administrative and economic strengthening. From the middle of the IV century. there is a certain difference in the relations between church and state in the […]...
25. The best literary works of the Middle Ages Prominent in the medieval literature of Europe was the heroic Epos, which originated in the era of the Great Migration of Nations. For a long time, in the depths of the bygone years, A living song was composed by the poet About the wise, kind kings And about their artful enemies, About the knights, who […]...
26. Law and Justice in the Middle Ages The barbarous peoples who settled in the territory of the former Roman Empire preserved their legal customs. They were transmitted orally, from generation to generation, and changed very slowly. With the emergence of barbarous states, it became necessary to fix their customs in writing. This was prompted by the immediate neighborhood with the Romans, who […]...
27. Man and nature in the Middle Ages In the Middle Ages, the population depended entirely on the natural and climatic conditions. The peculiarities of nature prompted which dwellings and settlements should be built, which transport – water or land – to use, which tools to produce. From the landscape and climate depended even the character of the man himself. Medieval Europe was […]...
28. The city in the Middle Ages. Description The city was located so that it was convenient to surround it with a protective wall, but that the environment should serve as protection for it. The first medieval cities were surrounded by an earthen rampart and a wooden palisade, the later ones were already renewed with one, two or even three stone battlements with […]...
29. European culture of the early Middle Ages At the heart of medieval culture is a combination of ancient heritage and traditions of barbarian peoples. Christianity fell by force, which managed to unite them. At the turn of the V-VI centuries. the center of cultural and spiritual development was the Ostrogothic Kingdom in Italy. The outstanding personality of the “Ost-Goth Revival” was the […]...
30. Three classes: the clergy, chivalry and the peasantry. Who worked for whom in the Middle Ages? In the idea of ​​a medieval man, a properly organized society consists of three Estates – the clergy, chivalry and peasantry. XI century. From the work of Bishop Adalberon Lansky The community of believers is a single body, but the state consists of three bodies, because another law, human, distinguishes two great estates… One class […]...
31. Christianity and the Church at the dawn of the Middle Ages Christianity appeared in the Roman era, but the world religion became in the Middle Ages, when its organization – the church was formed and strengthened. At the dawn of the Middle Ages the Church hierarchy already existed. In the Western Roman Empire, the head of the church was the pope, and in the Eastern Roman […]...
32. Complication of the social structure in the Middle Ages Over time, society developed, an increasingly prominent role in medieval life begins to play cities and, accordingly, artisans and merchants, who in the scheme of the medieval classes did not find a place. Subsequently, the townspeople were ranked in the third estate, the skeleton of which nevertheless was the peasantry. In the life of the […]...
33. The Spiritual World of Northern European Nations in the Middle Ages The Scandinavians were pagans. Their mythology is a collection of stories about the warlike gods who lived in Asgard – the Scandinavian Olympus. In Asgard, three major gods dominated – One, Thor and Freyr. The Supreme God was One – the god of war and wisdom. He was one-eyed, because he gave the second eye […]...
34. Germany at the end of the Middle Ages. The German Empire of the 14th-15th centuries The dynasty of the Habsburgs did not remain in power for long. At the beginning of the XIV century. the feudal lords elected King Henry VII of Luxembourg. He founded the Luxembourg dynasty, which persistently tried to conquer Italy, quarreled with the popes. All this, in the end, fed up with the princes. To the […]...
35. The interaction of man and nature in the Middle Ages Man during the Middle Ages was much closer to nature than we are now. However, it would be wrong to consider that the relationship between man and nature was harmonious. Nature often forced a man to feel his weakness. Reserves in the barn of a peasant or a feudal lord, on which their life depended, […]...
36. Scandinavian states of the Middle Ages At the end of IX c. Vikings from Norway settled on a large treeless island. They called it Iceland – “The Land of Ice”. The climate in Iceland was very unfavorable for agriculture, but the presence of fat pastures allowed to graze livestock. Soon the entire coast of Iceland was dotted with the hamlets of […]...
37. Science in Byzantium. Wonders of technology The Byzantines respectfully treated science, which they called “philosophy.” To her, they enumerated theology, mathematics, natural history, ethics, politics, grammar, rhetoric, dialectics, astronomy, music and jurisprudence. Byzantine theologians made a significant contribution to the development of the Orthodox faith. In doing so, they relied on ancient philosophy, using, unlike the European scholastics, the work not […]...
38. The development of technology in the Middle Ages In the Middle Ages, the development of technology passed slowly, in the process of accumulation and transfer of practical experience. In agriculture, mainly agricultural implements were improved, for example, in the 11th-12th centuries. Instead of a light plow, they started using a heavy iron wheeled plow with a blade and a gear harrow. In general, […]...
39. Scholasticism. Pierre Abelard, Thomas Aquinas The word “scholasticism” comes from the Greek. “scientist” and means direction in philosophy. At first the scholastics called people involved in the school: those who study, or those who teach. In the time of Charlemagne, the word “scholastic” meant “teacher.” Since the XI century. this name has spread to those who are engaged in science, […]...
40. The collapse of Byzantium. End of the Middle Ages Resurrected Byzantium was a weak state. She was feverishly stricken by the cruel struggle for the throne, one area after another vanished from her, her wind was walking in her treasury, she was mercilessly plundered by the Genoese merchant class. Of the external enemies, it was most of all pestered by the Italian Normans, the […]...