Biography Radishchev Alexander
(1749-1802)
RADISHCHEV Alexander Nikolayevich (1749-1802), Russian thinker, writer. Ode “Liberty” (1783), the novel “The Life of FV Ushakov” (1789), philosophical works. In the main work Radishchev – “Journey from Petersburg to Moscow” (1790) – a wide range of ideas of the Russian Enlightenment, a truthful, sympathetic image of the life of the people, a sharp denunciation of the autocracy and serfdom. The book was confiscated and until 1905 was distributed in the lists. In 1790 Radishchev was exiled to Siberia. Upon his return (1797), in his projects of legal reforms (1801-02) he again spoke in favor of the abolition of serfdom; The threat of new repression led him to commit suicide.
Radishchev (Alexander Nikolayevich) is a well-known writer, one of the main representatives of our “enlightening philosophy”. His grandfather, Athanasius Prokofievich Radishchev, one of the amusing Peter the Great, rose to the rank
Bokum was a rude person, uneducated, unjust and cruel, who allowed himself to apply corporal punishment to Russian students, sometimes very strong. In addition, he was a man extremely boastful and intemperate, which put him constantly in a very awkward and comical position. Since the very departure from St. Petersburg, Bokum has started clashes with students; Their displeasure with him grew steadily and finally manifested itself in a very large history. Bokum tried to expose students to rebels, turned to the assistance of the Leipzig authorities, demanded soldiers and planted all Russian students under strict guard. Only the prudent intervention of our ambassador, Prince Beloselsky, did not give the story of this end the way Bokum directed her. The ambassador freed the prisoners, stood up for them, and although Bokum remained with the students, but began to deal with them better, and sharp clashes no longer repeated. It was also unsuccessful to elect a confessor for the students: with them was sent hieromonk Pavel, a cheerful person, but uneducated, which caused ridicule of students. Of the friends Radishchev particularly remarkable Fedor Ushakov, by the enormous influence that he had on Radishchev, who wrote his “Life” and published some of Ushakov’s works. Endowed with an ardent mind and honest aspirations, Ushakov before his departure abroad served as secretary under State Secretary G. Teplove and worked hard to compile the Riga Commercial Charter. He used the location of Teplov, had an influence on affairs; he was predicted a rapid rise on the administrative ladder, “many were trained to honor him already in advance.” and sharp clashes no longer repeated. It was also unsuccessful to elect a confessor for the students: with them was sent hieromonk Pavel, a cheerful person, but uneducated, which caused ridicule of students. Of the friends Radishchev particularly remarkable Fedor Ushakov, by the enormous influence that he had on Radishchev, who wrote his “Life” and published some of Ushakov’s works. Endowed with an ardent mind and honest aspirations, Ushakov before his departure abroad served as secretary under State Secretary G. Teplove and worked hard to compile the Riga Commercial Charter. He used the location of Teplov, had an influence on affairs; he was predicted a rapid rise on the administrative ladder, “many were trained to honor him already in advance.” and sharp clashes no longer repeated. It was also unsuccessful to elect a confessor for the students: with them was sent hieromonk Pavel, a cheerful person, but uneducated, which caused ridicule of students. Of the friends Radishchev particularly remarkable Fedor Ushakov, by the enormous influence that he had on Radishchev, who wrote his “Life” and published some of Ushakov’s works. Endowed with an ardent mind and honest aspirations, Ushakov before his departure abroad served as secretary under State Secretary G. Teplove and worked hard to compile the Riga Commercial Charter. He used the location of Teplov, had an influence on affairs; he was predicted a rapid rise on the administrative ladder, “many were trained to honor him already in advance.” with them was sent hieromonk Paul, a man cheerful, but uneducated, which caused ridicule of students. Of the friends Radishchev particularly remarkable Fedor Ushakov, by the enormous influence that he had on Radishchev, who wrote his “Life” and published some of Ushakov’s works. Endowed with an ardent mind and honest aspirations, Ushakov before his departure abroad served as secretary under State Secretary G. Teplove and worked hard to compile the Riga Commercial Charter. He used the location of Teplov, had an influence on affairs; he was predicted a rapid rise on the administrative ladder, “many were trained to honor him already in advance.” with them was sent hieromonk Paul, a man cheerful, but uneducated, which caused ridicule of students. Of the friends Radishchev particularly remarkable Fedor Ushakov, by the enormous influence that he had on Radishchev, who wrote his “Life” and published some of Ushakov’s works. Endowed with an ardent mind and honest aspirations, Ushakov before his departure abroad served as secretary under State Secretary G. Teplove and worked hard to compile the Riga Commercial Charter. He used the location of Teplov, had an influence on affairs; he was predicted a rapid rise on the administrative ladder, “many were trained to honor him already in advance.” by the enormous influence that he had on Radishchev, who wrote his “Life” and published some of Ushakov’s works. Endowed with an ardent mind and honest aspirations, Ushakov before his departure abroad served as secretary under State Secretary G. Teplove and worked hard to compile the Riga Commercial Charter. He used the location of Teplov, had an influence on affairs; he was predicted a rapid rise on the administrative ladder, “many were trained to honor him already in advance.” by the enormous influence that he had on Radishchev, who wrote his “Life” and published some of Ushakov’s works. Endowed with an ardent mind and honest aspirations, Ushakov before his departure abroad served as secretary under State Secretary G. Teplove and worked hard to compile the Riga Commercial Charter. He used the location of Teplov, had an influence on affairs; he was predicted a rapid rise on the administrative ladder, “many were trained to honor him already in advance.” had an impact on business; he was predicted a rapid rise on the administrative ladder, “many were trained to honor him already in advance.” had an impact on business; he was predicted a rapid rise on the administrative ladder, “many were trained to honor him already in advance.”
When Catherine II ordered the nobles to be sent to the University of Leipzig, Ushakov, wishing to form himself, decided to neglect the career and pleasures opened and go abroad to sit with the young men on the student bench. Thanks to Teplov’s petition, he managed to fulfill his desire. Ushakov was a man more experienced and mature than his other companions, who immediately recognized his authority. He was worthy of the acquired influence; “firmness of thoughts, their free expression” constituted its distinctive property, and it particularly attracted to it its young comrades. He served for other students as an example of serious studies, directed their reading, instilled in them solid moral convictions. He taught, for example, that he can overcome his passions, who try to know the true definition of man, who decorates his mind with useful and pleasant knowledge, who finds the greatest delight in being useful to the fatherland and being known to the light. Ushakov’s health was upset even before his trip abroad, and in Leipzig, he still ruined him, partly in a way of life, in part by excessive occupations, and dangerously fell ill. When the doctor, at his insistence, announced to him that “tomorrow he will no longer be involved in life,” he firmly met the death sentence, although “falling into a coffin, he did not see anything”. He said goodbye to his friends, then, summoning Radishchev to himself, handed over all his papers to him and told him: “Remember that you need rules in life to be blissful.” The last words of Ushakov “an indelible feature marked in memory” Radishchev. Before his death, suffering terribly, Ushakov asked him to give him poison so that his torment would end soon. He was denied this, but it all the same rooted in Radishchev thought, “that life is unbearable must be forcibly interrupted.”
Ushakov died in 1770. – The lessons of students in Leipzig were quite diverse. They listened to the philosophy of Platner, who, when he was visited by Karamzin in 1789, happily recalled his Russian students, especially Kutuzov and Radishchev. The students also listened to Gellert’s lectures or, as Radishchev puts it, “enjoyed his teaching in the verbal sciences.” History students listened to Bem, right – to Gommel. According to one of the official reports of 1769, “everyone in general admits with surprise that they (Russian students) have made significant achievements in such a short time, and are not inferior in knowledge to those who have been studying there for a long time. : firstly, the senior Ushakov (among the students there were two Ushakovs), and on it Janov and Radishchev, who surpassed the aspiration of their teachers. ” Radishchev was engaged in medicine and chemistry, not as an amateur, but seriously, so that he could pass the examination for a doctor and then successfully treated. Chemistry lessons were also one of his favorite things. In general, he acquired in Leipzig serious knowledge of the natural sciences. The instruction instructed students to learn languages; As this study was going on, we have no information, but Radishchev knew the German, French and Latin languages well. Later he learned English and Italian. The instruction instructed students to learn languages; As this study was going on, we have no information, but Radishchev knew the German, French and Latin languages well. Later he learned English and Italian. The instruction instructed students to learn languages; As this study was going on, we have no information, but Radishchev knew the German, French and Latin languages well. Later he learned English and Italian.
After spending several years in Leipzig, he, like his comrades, greatly forgot the Russian language, so on his return to Russia he studied under the guidance of the famous Khrapovitsky, the secretary of Catherine. – The students read a lot, and mostly French Enlightenment writers; were fond of the works of Mably, Rousseau and especially Helvetia. In general, Radishchev in Leipzig, where he stayed for five years, acquired various and serious scientific knowledge and became one of the most educated people of his time, not only in Russia. He did not stop studying and zealously reading all his life. His works are imbued with the spirit of “enlightenment” of the eighteenth century and the ideas of French philosophy. In 1771, with some of his comrades Radishchev returned to Petersburg and soon joined the service in the Senate, as a comrade and his friend, Kutuzov (see), a protocolist,
They did not last long in the Senate: they were hampered by a poor knowledge of the Russian language, burdened by the partnership of the orderlies, the rude treatment of their superiors. Kutuzov went into military service, and Radishchev entered the headquarters of the commander-in-chief in St. Petersburg, Bruce, as an ober-auditor, and distinguished himself with a conscientious and bold attitude toward his duties. In 1775, Radishchev retired with the rank of army seconds major. One of Radishchev’s friends in Leipzig, Rubanovsky, introduced him to his elder brother’s family, whose daughter, Anna Vasilievna, he married.
In 1778, Radishchev was re-appointed to serve in the state chamber cell-collegium for an assessorial vacancy. He quickly and well accustomed to even the details of the commissioned trade affairs. Soon he had to participate in the resolution of one case, where a whole group of employees, in case of accusation, was subject to severe punishment. All members of the collegium were for the charge, but Radishchev, after studying the case, disagreed with this opinion and resolutely rose up to defend the accused. He did not agree to sign the verdict and submitted a dissenting opinion; in vain he was persuaded, frightened by the displeasure of the president, Count A. R. Vorontsov, – he did not concede; had to report on his persistence Vorontsov. The latter initially really became angry, assuming in Radishchev some impure motives, but still demanded the case to himself, carefully revised it and agreed with Radishchev’s opinion:
Radishchev was transferred from the collegium in 1788 to the service in St. Petersburg customs, an assistant to the manager, and then to the manager. At work in customs, Radishchev also managed to stand out with his unselfishness, devotion to duty, serious attitude to the matter. Classes in Russian and reading led Radishchev to his own literary experiments. First he published a translation of Mably’s work: “Reflections on Greek History” (1773), then began to compile the history of the Russian Senate, but he destroyed the written. After the death of his beloved wife (1783), he began to seek reassurance in literary work. There is an unlikely legend about Radishchev’s participation in the “Painter” Novikov. It is more likely that Radishchev participated in the publication of Krylov’s “Mail of Spirits,” but this can not be considered proven.
Undoubtedly, Radishchev’s literary activity begins only in 1789, when he was published the “The Life of Fyodor Vasilyevich Ushakov with the Encouragement of Some of His Works” (On the Right of Punishment and on the Death Penalty, On Love, Letters on the First Book of Helvetius’s Works on Mind “). Using the decree of Catherine II about free printing houses, Radishchev started his printing house at home and in 1790 published in it his “Letter to a friend who lives in Tobolsk, on the debt of his title.” This small work describes the unveiling of the monument to Peter the Great and concurrently expresses some general thoughts about state life, about power, and so on. The “letter” was only a kind of “breakdown”; Following him, Radishchev published his main work: “The Journey from Petersburg to Moscow,” with an epigraph from the Telemagic: “The monster is obo, mischievous, huge, solitary and barking.” The book begins with the dedication of “AMK, dearest friend,” that is, Comrade Radishchev, Kutuzov. In the dedication of this the author writes: “I looked around me – my soul was suffering with human suffering.”
He realized that man himself is to blame for these sufferings, because “he does not look directly at the objects surrounding him.” To achieve bliss, one must take away the veil that covers the natural feelings. Everyone can become an accomplice in the bliss of their own kind, opposing delusions. “This is the thought that prompted me to write that you will read.” “Journey” is divided into chapters, of which the first is called “Departure”, and the following are the names of stations between St. Petersburg and Moscow; the book ends with a visit and an exclamation: “Moscow! Moscow!” The book was quickly sold out. Her bold reasoning about serfdom and other sad phenomena of the then public and state life attracted the attention of the Empress herself, whom someone brought the “Journey.”
Although the book was published “with the permission of the dean’s office,” that is, with the permission of the established censorship, nevertheless the persecution was raised against the author. At first they did not know who the author was, since his name was not on the book; but, after arresting the merchant Zotov, in whose shop the “Journey” was sold, they soon learned that the book was written and published by Radishchev.
He was also arrested, his case was “entrusted” to the famous Sheshkovsky. Catherine forgot that Radishchev, both in the pages and abroad, studied “the natural right” by the highest command and that she herself preached and allowed to preach principles similar to those that the “Journey” conducted. She reacted to the book of Radishchev with strong personal irritation, she composed question points to Radishchev herself, she managed the whole matter through Bezborodko. Planted in a fortress and interrogated by the terrible Sheshkovsky, Radishchev declared his repentance, refused his book, but at the same time in his testimony often expressed the same views as those quoted in the “Journey.”
By an expression of remorse Radishchev hoped to mitigate the punishment that threatened him, but at the same time he was unable to hide his convictions. In addition to Radishchev interrogated many persons involved in the publication and sale of “Travel”; the investigators were looking for Radishchev’s accomplices, but they were not there. It is characteristic that the investigation carried out by Sheshkovsky was not reported to the Chamber of the Criminal Court, where, according to the highest decree, the case of the “Journey” was transferred. Radishchev’s fate was decided in advance: he was found guilty of the decree on his betrayal to the court. The Criminal Chamber carried out a very brief investigation, the content of which was defined in Bezborodko’s letter to the commander-in-chief in Petersburg, Count Bruce.
The task of the chamber consisted only in legitimizing the predetermined conviction of Radishchev, in finding and enforcing the laws by which he was to be convicted. This task was not easy, since it was difficult to blame the author for a book published with proper authorization, and for views that had only recently enjoyed patronage. The Criminal Chamber applied to Radishchev an article of the Code on the attempt on the health of the Tsar, conspiracies, treason, and sentenced him to death. The verdict passed to the Senate and then to the Council was approved in both instances and submitted to Catherine. On September 4, 1790, a decree took place that recognized Radishchev as guilty of the crime of oath and office of a citizen, the publication of a book “filled with the most harmful philosophizing, destroying the public’s peace, diminishing respect due to the authorities, on the occasion of the conclusion of peace with Sweden, the death penalty was replaced by a reference to Siberia, to the Ilimsky prison, “for a ten-year hopeless stay.” The decree was then carried out. on the occasion of the conclusion of peace with Sweden, the death penalty was replaced by a reference to Siberia, to the Ilimsky prison, “for a ten-year hopeless stay.” The decree was then carried out.
The sad fate of Radishchev attracted everyone’s attention: the verdict seemed incredible, there were rumors that Radishchev was forgiven, returned from exile, but these rumors were not justified, and Radishchev stayed in Ilimsk until the end of Catherine’s reign. His situation in Siberia was facilitated by the fact that Earl A. Vorontsov continued to support the exiled writer all the time, gave him protection from the leaders in Siberia, sent him books, magazines, scientific instruments, etc. His sister came to Siberia with him wife, E. V. Rubanovskaya, and brought the younger children (the elders stayed with their relatives to get an education). In Ilimsk, Radishchev married E. V. Rubanovskaya. During the exile, he studied Siberian life and Siberian nature, made meteorological observations, read and wrote much. He felt such a desire for literary work that even in the fortress, during the trial, he used permission to write and wrote a story about Philaret by the Gracious. In Ilimsk, he also dealt with the treatment of patients, generally tried to help than anyone could and became, according to the testimony of a contemporary, “the benefactor of that country.” His caring activity stretched for about 500 miles around Ilimsk. Emperor Paul soon after his accession returned Radishchev from Siberia (Highest Command November 23, 1796), and Radishchev was ordered to live in his estate of the Kaluga province, the village of Nemtsov, and for his behavior and correspondence was ordered to observe the governor. At the request of Radishchev, he was allowed to visit the elderly and sick parents in the Saratov gubernia. After the reign of Alexander I Radishchev was completely free; he was summoned to Petersburg and appointed a member of the commission to draft laws. Stories (in Pushkin and Pavel Radishchev’s articles) that Radishchev, who surprised everyone with “youthful gray hairs,” wrote stories about the necessary legislative changes-a project where the peasants were liberated again, etc. Since this project is not found in the cases commission, there were doubts about the very existence of it; However, in addition to the testimony of Pushkin and Pavel Radishchev, we have an unmistakable testimony of a contemporary, Ilyinsky, who was also a member of the commission and should have known the matter well. Undoubtedly, in any case, that this project, as Radishchev’s son conveys it, coincides completely with the direction and nature of the works of Radishchev. The same Ilinsky and another modern witness, Born, also certify the faithfulness of another tradition,
Tradition says that when Radishchev submitted his liberal draft of necessary reforms, the commission’s chairman, Count Zavadovsky, made him a strict suggestion for his way of thinking, harshly reminding him of his previous hobbies and even mentioning Siberia. Radishchev, a man with much frustrated health, with broken nerves, was so shocked by Zavadovsky’s reprimand and threats that he decided to commit suicide, drank poison and died in terrible agony. He seemed to remember the example of Ushakov, who taught him that “an unbearable life must be forcibly interrupted.” Radishchev died on the night of September 12, 1802 and was buried at Volkov Cemetery. – The main literary work of Radishchev – “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow.”
The writing is remarkable, on the one hand, as the sharpest expression of the influence that the French philosophy of the Enlightenment acquired in the eighteenth century, and on the other, as a clear proof that the best representatives of this influence were able to apply the Enlightenment ideas to Russian life, to the Russian conditions. “Journey” Radishchev as it consists of two parts: theoretical and practical. In the first, we see the constant borrowing of the author from various European writers. Radishchev himself explained that he wrote his book in imitation of Stern’s “Iorikov travel” and was influenced by the “History of India” Reinal; In the book itself there are references to different authors, and many unspecified borrowings are also easily determined. Along with this, we meet in the “Journey” a permanent picture of Russian life, Russian conditions and the consistent application to them of the general principles of the Enlightenment. Radishchev is a supporter of freedom; he gives not only an image of all the unsightly aspects of serfdom, but speaks of the necessity and the possibility of liberating the peasants. Radishchev attacks serfdom not only for the sake of an abstract notion of freedom and dignity of the human person: his book shows that he carefully observed the people’s life in reality, that he had a vast knowledge of life, on which his conviction for serfdom also rested.
The means that the “Journey” offers for the abolition of serfdom are also harmonized with life, are not at all excessively harsh. “The project in the future,” proposed by Radishchev, indicates such measures: first of all, courtyards are released and it is forbidden to take peasants for domestic services; if anyone takes, the peasant becomes free; allowed marriages of peasants without the consent of the landowner and without withdrawal money; peasants are recognized as owners of a movable estate and an allotment of land that they cultivate; further, a court of equal, full civil rights, the prohibition to punish without trial; peasants are allowed to buy land; the amount for which the peasant can be redeemed is determined; finally, the complete abolition of slavery. Of course, this is a literary plan that can not be viewed as a ready-made bill, but its general grounds should be recognized as applicable for that time. Attacks on serfdom – the main theme of “Travel”; not for nothing Pushkin called Radishchev: “slavery is an enemy.”
Radishchev’s book also touches on a whole series of other questions of Russian life. Radishchev is arming himself against such aspects of his contemporary reality, which have long been condemned by history; such are his attacks on the enrollment of nobles in service from childhood, on injustice and self-interest of judges, on the total arbitrariness of superiors, and so on.
“Travel” raises also such questions which till now have vital value; so, it arms against censorship, against celebratory receptions at chiefs, against merchant’s deceptions, against debauchery and luxury. Attacking the modern system of education and upbringing, Radishchev draws an ideal, largely not implemented so far. He says that the government exists for the people, and not vice versa, that the happiness and wealth of the people is measured by the welfare of the mass of the population, and not by the well-being of a few individuals, etc. The general nature of the world outlook of Radishchev reflects his extremely sharp “Ode to Liberty” (largely reproduced in the I volume of “Russian Poetry” by A. S. Vengerov). Radishchev’s poem “Bogatyrskaya Bova story” was imitated by Pushkin. Radishchev is not a poet at all; his poems are for the most part very weak. His prose, by contrast, often has considerable merits. Having forgotten the Russian language abroad, who later studied Lomonosov, Radishchev often gives both of these conditions: his speech is difficult and artificial; but at the same time in a number of places he, carried away by the depicted subject, speaks simply, sometimes with a lively, spoken language. Many scenes in the “Journey” impress with their vitality, showing the author’s observation and humor. spoken language. Many scenes in the “Journey” impress with their vitality, showing the author’s observation and humor. spoken language. Many scenes in the “Journey” impress with their vitality, showing the author’s observation and humor.
In 1807 – 1811 in St. Petersburg was published a collection of works by Radishchev, in six parts, but without the “Travel” and with some badges in the “Life of Ushakov.” The first edition of “Travel” was partly destroyed by Radishchev himself before his arrest, partly by the authorities; there are several dozens of copies left. Demand for him was great; it was copied. Masson testifies that many paid considerable money for getting the “Journey” for reading. Separate excerpts from the “Journeys” were published in various publications: Martynov’s “Nordic Messenger” (in 1805), under Pushkin’s article, which appeared in print for the first time in 1857, in the preface by MA Antonovich to the translation of Schlosser’s 18th-century history. Not always such reprints were successful. When Sopikov placed in his bibliography (1816) a dedication from the “Travel”, this page was cut, reprinted and preserved in its entirety only in very few copies. In 1858 the “Journey” was published in London, in one book with the composition of Prince Shcherbatov: “On the damage of morals in Russia,” with the preface of Herzen. The text of “Travels” is given here with some distortions, on a spoiled copy. From the same edition of “Journey” was reprinted in Leipzig, in 1876, in 1868, the highest order was issued, allowing the publication of “Journey” on the basis of general censorship rules. In the same year, a reprint of Radishchev’s book made by Shigin appeared, but with large skips and again a distorted copy, not the original. In 1870 P. A. Efremov undertook the publication of the complete works of Radishchev (with some additions to the manuscripts), adding to it the full text of the “Journey” of the edition of 1790. The edition was printed, but it did not work: it was detained and destroyed. In 1888, AS Suvorin published the “Journey”, but only 99 copies. In 1869 PI Bartenev reprinted, in the “Collection of the XVIII century”, “The Life of FV Ushakov”; in “Russian Antiquity” in 1871 reprinted “Letter to a friend living in Tobolsk.” Academician MI Sukhomlinov published Radishchev’s novel about Filaret in his study of Radishchev. The chapter from “Travels” about Lomonosov is printed in the first volume of “Russian poetry” by S. A. Vengerov. There all the poems of Radishchev are reproduced, not excluding the “Ode to Liberty”. On Radishchev’s name there was a long ban; it almost did not occur in the press. Soon after his death, several articles appeared about him, but then his name almost disappears in the literature and is very rare; Only fragmentary and incomplete data are given about it. Batiushkov introduced Radishchev into his compilation of a program on Russian literature. Pushkin wrote Bestuzhev: “How can we forget Radishchev in the article about Russian literature?” Whom will we remember? ” Later, Pushkin learned from experience that it is not so easy to remember the author of “Travel”: his article about Radischev was not missed by censorship and appeared in print only twenty years after the poet’s death. Only in the second half of the fifties the name of Radishchev was removed; In the press there are many articles and notes about him, interesting materials are being printed. Full biography of Radishchev, however, there is still no. In 1890, a century since the advent of “Travel” has caused very few articles about Radishchev. In 1878 the highest permission was given for the opening in Saratov of the “Radischevsky Museum”, founded by the grandson of Radishchev, the artist Bogolyubov, and representing an important educational center for the Volga region. The grandson honorably honored the memory of his “eminent”, as the decree says, grandfather. The main articles about Radishchev: “On the death of Radishchev,” poetry and prose IM Born (Scroll of the Muses, 1803). Biographies: in the 4th part of the “Dictionary of memorable people of the Russian land” Bantysh-Kamensky and in the second part of the “Dictionary of Secular Writers” Metropolitan Eugene. Two articles by Pushkin in Volume V of his works (an explanation of their significance in V. Yakushkin’s article, “Reading the Society of History and Antiquities of Russia”, 1886, book. 1 and separately). Radishchev’s biographies written by his sons Nikolai (“The Russian Antiquity”, 1872, v. VI) and Paul (“The Russian Messenger”, 1858, No. 23, with notes by MN Longinov). Longinov’s articles “AM Kutuzov and AN Radishchev” (Sovremennik, 1856, No. 8), “Russian students at the University of Leipzig and the latest Radishchev project” (Bibliographical Notes, 1859, No. 17), “Catherine the Great and Radishchev” (“News”, 1865, No. 28) and a note in the “Russian Archives”, 1869, No. 8. “On Russian friends Radishchev at the University of Leipzig” – K. Grot’s article, in 3rd ed. IX t. Izvestia II Division of the Academy of Sciences. On the participation of Radishchev in the Painter, see the article by DF Kobenko in Bibliographic Notes, 1861, No. 4, and I note PA.
“About Radishchev” – Art. M. Shugurova, “Russian Archive”, 1872, pp. 927 – 953. “The trial of a Russian writer in the XVIII century” – art. V. Yakushina, “The Russian Antiquity”, 1882, September; here are the documents from the original case about Radishchev; new important documents on this matter and, in general, Radishchev are given by M. I. Sukhomlinov in his monograph: A. N. Radishchev; XXXII volume of the Collection of the Department of the Russian Language and Literature of the Academy of Sciences “and separately (St. Petersburg, 1883), and then in Volume I of the” Studies and Articles “(St. Petersburg, 1889). About Radishchev is mentioned in the manuals on the history of Russian literature by Koenig, Galakhov, Stoyunin, Karaulov, Porfiryev, and others, as well as in Longinov’s novels Novikov and Moscow Martinists, AN Pypin’s The Public Movement under Alexander I, . Semyevsky “The Peasant Question in Russia”, Shchapova “Socio-pedagogical conditions for the development of the Russian people,” AP Pyatkovsky “From the history of our literary and social development,” LN Maikov “Batyushkov, his life and works.” Materials relating to the biography of Radishchev, published in the “Society of History and Antiquities of Russia”, 1862, book. 4, and 1865, the book. 3; in V and in XII volumes of the Archives of Prince Vorontsov; in X t. “Collection of the Imperial Russian Historical Society”; in the collection of the writings of Catherine II her rescripts on the Radishchev case are placed; Catherine’s letters about this case are also published in the “Russian Archives” (1863, No. 3, and 1872, p. 572); report of the Irkutsk Provincial Government on Radishchev – in the “Russian Antiquities”, 1874, v. VI, p. 436. On Radishchev in modern perused letters, see the article “Russian Freethinkers in the reign of Catherine II” (“Russian Antiquities”, 1874, January – March). Letters from relatives to Zinoviev, one of Radishchev’s friends – “The Russian Archive,” 1870, Nos. 4 and 5. Part of the documents relating to Radishchev’s “Journey” case, corrected and supplemented by manuscripts, was reprinted by PA Efremov at a collection of works by Radishchev 1870. About Radishchev is mentioned in the notes of Khrapovitsky, Princess Dashkova, Selivanovsky (“Bibliographical Notes”, 1858, No. 17), Glinka, Ilyinsky (“Russian Archive”, 1879, No. 12), in “Letters of the Russian traveler” Karamzin. Notes PA Efremova to his non-appeared ed. op. Radishcheva placed in the “Russian poetry” SA Vengerov. The portrait of Radishchev was attached to the first part of his works, the edition of 1807 (and not to the first edition of “Travel”, as erroneously shown in Rovinsky’s Dictionary of Engraved Portraits); portrait engraved by Vendramini. From the same engraving was made engraved portrait of Radishchev Alexeyev, for the unreleased second volume of “Collection of portraits of famous Russians” Beketova. From the Beketov portrait, a large lithograph was made for the Bibliographic Notes of 1861, No. 1. A photograph from the portrait of Vendramini is given in the “Illustrations” of 1861, No. 159, in the article of Zotov on Radishchev; there and then the form of Ilimsk. In the publication of Wolf “Russian People” (1866) placed a very unfortunate engraved portrait of Radishchev by Vendramini (without a signature). To the edition of 1870 there is a copy from the same Vendramini in a good engraving, executed in Leipzig by Brockhaus. In the “Historical Messenger” in 1883, April, under Art. Nezelenova placed a politic portrait of Radishchev with Alekseev’s portrait; This polytype is repeated in the “History of Catherine II” by Brikner and in “Alexander I” by Schilder. Rovinsky placed a picture from the Vendraminiev portrait in the “Dictionary of Engraved Portraits,” and a photograph from the Alekseyev portrait – in “Russian Iconography,” under No. 112. V. Yakushkin.
His son, Nikolai Alexandrovich, also studied literature, among other things, translated almost all of Augustus Lafontaine. He was close to Zhukovsky, Merzlyakov, Voyeikov, served as the leader in the Kuznetsky district of the Saratov province, left his father’s biography, printed in the “Russian Antiquity” (1872, v. VI). In 1801, he published “Alyosha Popovich and Churila Plenkovich, a heroic song” (Moscow), which undoubtedly influenced Pushkin’s Ruslan and Lyudmila (see Professor Vladimirov, in Kiev University Press, 1895, No. 6).
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