The unification of the Arabs and the beginning of the Muslim conquests

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1. The Caliphate of the Umayyads and Abbasids After the death of Muhammad, the Muslim state was headed by his closest associates, who were called Khalifs – the “successors” of the prophet. The first caliphs, coming from the rich and influential Meccan family of the Umayyads, understood that in order to strengthen their power and Islam, victorious wars that would rally the Arabs […]...
2. Arabia and the Arabs The Arab conquests of the 7th-8th centuries. closely tied the Christian West and the Islamic world, the relations between which were not easy. Christians and Muslims had plenty of work among themselves, but at the same time they established peaceful trade and exchanged cultural achievements. The creators of Islam were Arabs – Arabs. The Arabian […]...
3. Caliphate in the days of the Umayyads and Abbasids In the second half of the VII century. As a result of the quarrels between supporters of Caliph Ali, Mohammed’s son-in-law, and representatives of the strong Meccan clan of the Umayyads, Islam split. In 661, Caliph Ali was killed. The throne was taken by a native of the Umayyad family, Syria’s deputy Mu’awiyah. He became […]...
4. The beginning of the unification of Russian lands around Moscow According to the testament of Alexander Nevsky, his youngest son Daniil received possession of a small Moscow principality. Daniel set out to expand the boundaries of his possessions and began to collect Russian lands around Moscow. Moscow was in an area suitable for farming, cattle breeding and fisheries, at the intersection of important river trade […]...
5. Pre-Islamic Paganism The people of Arabia have long worshiped many gods – both their own and others. Christians and Jews lived in Arabia, and those who were idolized, but did not believe in the same God. Most of all there were Arab-pagan Arabs in Arabia. They worshiped tribal gods and stone pillars, which they considered to be […]...
6. Allah and Muhammad There was a man who was not afraid of the Meccan merchant class. It was Mohammed. He was born in Mecca around 570. Early orphaned. At the age of 25, I married a rich widow Khadija, who helped to lead the trade and who became his true companion for life. When Muhammad was about 40 […]...
7. Arab Spain At the end of VII century. The Arabs conquered North Africa from the Byzantines, and reached the Atlantic Ocean. They managed to convert the local Berber tribes to Islam. In 710, the Arabs crossed the strait, which the Greeks called the Hercules Pillars, and invaded the territory of Spain. The coastal rock, to which the […]...
8. The End of the Hundred Years War and the Unification of France Joan of Arc gave her life for France for good reason. The French gradually liberated their country from the English invaders. Charles VII entered Paris. In 1453 the English owned only the city of Calais in France, but soon lost it. The longest war in European history ended in the victory of France. In France, […]...
9. The beginning of a religious war. Prerequisites of the Crusades 1096-1270 biennium In the middle of the XI century. Pope Gregory VII with an iron hand brought order in the Catholic Church. He resolutely demanded that kings and big feudal lords should not interfere in church affairs, and that the popes and bishops should choose the clergy. The pope claimed that monarchs should be his vassals and […]...
10. Culture and art of the Arab world in the Middle Ages Not only the Arabs, but also other peoples of the Caliphate who took up Islam, the Arabic language and writing took part in the formation of Arab culture. Successfully developed in the Arab world natural sciences: mathematics, astronomy, geography, medicine. Arab mathematicians have created algebra. In Baghdad and Damascus already in the IX. there were […]...
11. The beginning of the Hundred Years War After the death of Philip IV the Beautiful, the French throne belonged to three of his sons for 15 years. However, none of them left their heirs, and in 1328 the rule of the Capetian dynasty ceased. On the throne, the representative of her younger branch, Philip VI Valois, ascended. The British King Edward III […]...
12. The reign of Emperor Justinian. “Golden age” The heyday of Byzantium fell during the reign of Emperor Justinian. Justinian was an enlightened, intelligent, strong-willed and at the same time cruel, insidious, unlimited ambitious and power-hungry. He married the charming Theodore – a former circus actress. The best pair was not found! Theodora did not deny herself anything, she bathed in luxury, was […]...
13. Biography of Muslim Magomayev Muslim Magomatovich Magomaev is an opera, pop singer of the USSR, Azerbaijan, Russia. He was born in Baku, in a creative family. The first performances in the biography of Magomayev were still in his youth. True fame was obtained by him at the age of twenty, when he performed at a festival in the Kremlin […]...
14. The Arabian Peninsula and its population Peninsula Arabia, an area of ​​3 million square meters. km, has long been populated by Arabs. The main territory of Arabia consists of deserts, semi-deserts and dry steppes. And only small plots of land are suitable for cultivation. Natural conditions have caused the division of Arabia into several regions, and its population – to sedentary […]...
15. The main themes of Omar Khayyam’s shirt Omar Khayyam is an outstanding personality of the medieval East. The main themes of the shirt are Omar Khayyam. Distinctive features of Omar Khayyam’s creativity. The search for truth as the main aspiration of man. (Omar Khayyam’s assertion of the infinity of knowledge: For many years I have been thinking about the life of the […]...
16. Muhammad and the rise of Islam In the V-VI centuries. among the population of Arabia there is a tendency to overcome tribal fragmentation and create a single Arab state. It found expression and preaching the worship of God alone. Preachers of the same faith began to appear in different parts of Arabia. In Mecca, Muhammad, who was born in the Quraysh […]...
17. Biography of Mohammed Abul-Qasim Muhammad is a prophet, a preacher, a messenger of Allah, to whom God gave the book holy to all Muslims – the Koran. He is the founder of Islam, the creator of the first Muslim community. Muhammad was born in Mecca supposedly in 571 AD. The boy lost both parents, and from the age […]...
18. Biography of Muhammad Ali Muhammad Ali is a boxer, was born on January 17, 1942 in Louisville, Kentucky. He is best known as the heavyweight boxing champion, named the greatest. At birth, he received the name Cassius Marcellus Clay. A charismatic, outspoken athlete, named great, Muhammad Ali was one of the most outstanding boxers in the heavyweight of the […]...
19. Reconquista and the formation of the Spanish kingdom At the beginning of the VIII century. almost the entire Iberian peninsula – the birthplace of the Spaniards and Portuguese – conquered the Arabs. Conquerors oppressed Christians, but at the same time acquainted them with the high achievements of Eastern culture. The population of the peninsula soon rebelled against the invaders. This liberation struggle, which […]...
20. In the beginning was the Word This biblical phrase says that first God pronounced the words, and then according to what was said, the earth’s firmament, water, etc., was formed. Hence, the Word was primary. This leads to reflections on the importance of language, speech, human words. No wonder they say that you can kill a word. But a word can […]...
21. Composition “The Beginning of Spring” Ended February with its cold piercing winds. The first month of spring began with rain: warm, shallow, long. As if nature itself decided to wash, wash off the stale gray snow, dust from houses and roads, trees and shrubs. After this rain all around was changed, the colors of the world around us began to […]...
22. The Frankish state of the Carolingians. Education After the death of Pepin of Geristalsky, his sons began a rivalry for power. Defeated by his illegitimate son Karl, the Mayor of 715. He had to face a serious external danger. From the south, the territory of the Frankish Kingdom was invaded by the Arabs and conquered almost the entire Iberian Peninsula. In 732, […]...
23. The Birth of Byzantium In 330, Emperor Constantine made the capital of the Roman Empire the city of Byzantium, located on the picturesque shores of the Bosphorus. The new capital was first called New Rome, and later – Constantinople, that is, “the city of Constantine.” VI Art. From the report of the medieval historian Jordan about the visit to […]...
24. Biography of Sheikh Mohammed Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid al-Maktoum became prime minister and vice-president of the United Arab Emirates in 2006. His goal is to make the UAE an attractive place to do business. General information He was born on July 22, 1949. In 2006, he became prime minister and vice-president of the UAE. He studied at Bell’s language […]...
25. Omar Khayyam is an unsurpassed master of rubai The image of the great poet of the East Omar Khayyam is fanned with legends, the biography is full of secrets and mysteries. His full name can hardly fit in one line. But even more facets of his talent. The Ancient East knew Omar Khayyam primarily as an outstanding scientist: mathematician, physicist, astronomer, philosopher. In […]...
26. Culture of the Arab world of the Middle Ages The culture of the countries of the caliphate is predominantly called the Arab one. This is not entirely correct, because it also included the culture of the Syrians, the Egyptians, the Iranians, the peoples of Central Asia. However, the language of this culture was Arabic, and the unifying element was Islam. In addition, the Arabs […]...
27. “Fanaticism, or the Prophet Mohammed” Voltaire in brief The plot of this tragedy of Voltaire was the events of the life of the Arab tribes of Arabia, connected with the spread of Islam and the activities of the religious reformer Mohammed. The author wrote: “I know that Mohammed did not commit the kind of treachery that the plot of my tragedy amounts to, […]...
28. Summary Fanaticism, or Prophet Mohammad Voltaire Voltaire Fanaticism, or the Prophet Mohammad The plot of this tragedy of Voltaire was the events of the life of the Arab tribes of Arabia, associated with the spread of Islam and the activities of the religious reformer Mohammed. The author wrote: “I know that Mohammed did not commit the kind of treachery that the […]...
29. Biography of Franklin Roosevelt Franklin Delano Roosevelt – President of the United States. Roosevelt was born in a very influential family of an entrepreneur. Education in the biography of Franklin Roosevelt was received at the Gorton School. Then he studied at Harvard, Columbia University. Shortly after working as a lawyer, he soon became a member of the Democratic Party. […]...
30. Germany – the next empire. Otto I the Great The territory of Germany, inhabited by German, Roman and Slavic tribes, was first part of the Frankish Empire. After this empire fell, the local feudal lords elected Henry I as their king in 919. Germany, thus, became a separate state, but divided into several large self-governing regions: Alemania, Bavaria, Franconia and Saxony. After Henry I, […]...
31. Carolingians. Karl Martell, Pepin the Short, Charlemagne. Reconstituted Empire The first Carolingians were still majordomami with “lazy kings”. The most notable figure among them was Carl Martell. In 732, Carl Martell in the Battle of Poitiers defeated the Arabs and, perhaps, saved Europe from this Arab invasion. This battle convinced Karl Martell that it was time to replace the militiamen with warriors-horsemen in the […]...
32. Biography of Alexander the Great Alexander of Macedon is the Macedonian king, the great commander, the founder of the Macedonian empire, better known in the west as Alexander the Great. Early years Alexander the Great was born in the autumn of 356 BC. e. in the capital of Ancient Macedonia – the city of Pella. Since childhood, the biography of […]...
33. Education of the Ottoman Empire Timur divided the Ottoman state among the sons of Bayazid, internecine wars began. Sultan Murad II managed to restore state unity, and the power of the country was Sultan Mehmed II, nicknamed the “Conqueror”. His cherished dream was the seizure of Constantinople. The Sultan is credited with the following words: “There must be one world […]...
34. Events in history 1. Why the description of the unsuccessful campaign of Prince Igor Svyatoslavovich in 1185 remained in the memory of the descendants In the 12th century. Our lands suffered from attacks of the nomadic people – Polovtsians. A participant in the struggle against them was Novgorod the Great Prince Igor. In 1185, together with his son […]...
35. Summary “A Thousand and One Nights” “Thousand and One Nights” is a collection of fairy tales in Arabic, which became world famous thanks to the French translation of A. Gallan (incomplete, published from 1704 to 1717). The question of the origin and development of the “1001 Nights” has not been fully clarified to this day. Attempts to look for the ancestral […]...
36. India – “The country of a thousand miracles.” Delhi Sultanate. The Mughal Empire At the end of the old – the beginning of a new era, India was repeatedly conquered by strangers. A huge country was inhabited by a great many peoples and tribes, so it was difficult to unite it to repel invaders. Political fragmentation contributed to the fact that the local nobility cared more for their […]...
37. Children’s Crusade 1212 In 1212, from France and Germany, thousands of your peers, boys and disguised as boys’ clothes, went to the Crusade. They were persuaded by several young preachers who convinced the children that they had not yet angered God, so they would easily release the Holy Sepulcher. The children also sought revenge on the Muslims for […]...
38. Basic dates and facts on the history of the Middle Ages Main dates on the history of the Middle Ages 395 The division of the Roman Empire into the Eastern and Western 476 The demise of the Roman Empire 486 Foundation of the Frankish Kingdom 610 Beginning of sermons by Mohammed 622 Relocation of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina 732 The Battle of Poitiers – the […]...
39. Byzantium in the VII-XI centuries. Iconoclasm At the turn of the VI-VII centuries. Byzantium quickly lost part of its possessions, both in the West and in the East. In the middle of the VII century. The Byzantine territory was halved compared to the time of Justinian. Now it increasingly took the form of a medieval state. Instead of the Roman title […]...
40. Biography of Lucas Cranach Lucas Cranach is a German painter, engraver. As the son of the artist, Lucas has always lived in Wittenberg since 1504. Kranach’s biography is known as the history of the artist at the court, serving three successive elected Saxons. Cranach headed the workshop, twice was elected burgomaster. In addition, Lucas was a close friend of […]...