The End of the Hundred Years War and the Unification of France

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1. Completion of the Hundred Years War and the reunification of France The death of Joan of Arc, as the British had hoped, did not change the course of the war. The French troops continued to advance successfully. The Burgundian Duke, realizing the hopelessness of the position of the British, hastened to reconcile with the French king. In the spring of 1436 Charles VII took Paris. He […]...
2. Popular uprisings in France during the Hundred Years’ War The administration of France was temporarily transferred to the eldest son of John II of the Good Dauphin Karl. He decided to introduce new taxes to arm the army and redeem King John II of Good from captivity. However, the General States did not approve of this decision, and in 1358 Paris embraced the flames […]...
3. The Hundred Years War of 1337-1453 After the death of Philip IV, three of his sons died one after the other under mysterious circumstances. The grandees proclaimed King Philip VI Long – a representative of the genus Valois. He wrote in 1328 the royal dynasty of Valois, which existed in France until 1589. However, the new dynasty was not lucky. Philip […]...
4. The beginning of the Hundred Years War After the death of Philip IV the Beautiful, the French throne belonged to three of his sons for 15 years. However, none of them left their heirs, and in 1328 the rule of the Capetian dynasty ceased. On the throne, the representative of her younger branch, Philip VI Valois, ascended. The British King Edward III […]...
5. Strengthening of royal power in France In the X century. the western part of the former empire of Charlemagne was already called, not by Gaul, but by France. But France was not a centralized state at that time. In the IX-X centuries. it was the first in Western Europe to split into a number of independent possessions – the duchies of […]...
6. Strengthening of royal power in medieval France In 987, after the death of King Louis V of Lazy, the rule of the Carolingian dynasty ceased. The rulers of the duchies and counties elected a new king. He became a representative of the genus Robertinov – Count Hugo Capet. He was nicknamed the monastic hood, which was worn as a secular abbot of […]...
7. France in the flames of uprisings England demanded a colossal ransom for King John II of Good. The General States were called, as was to be the case, so that they agreed to collect the redemption amount. But the General States this time showed a character – demanded that the collection of taxes be carried out under their control and that […]...
8. Summary “One Hundred Years of Solitude” by Marquez Jose Arcadio and Ursula were not only the founders of the genus Buendia, but also cousins ​​and sister. Relatives feared that a child with a tail of a piglet would be born. Ursula knows how dangerous incestuous marriage is at the time, as Jose does not even want to hear about such nonsense. Ursula for […]...
9. Hundred Years of Solitude G. G. Marquez Hundred Years of Solitude The founders of the genus Buendía José Arcadio and Ursula were cousins ​​and sisters. Parents were afraid that they would give birth to a child with a pig’s tail. Ursula knows about the danger of incestuous marriage, and José Arcadio does not want to take into account such […]...
10. Jeanne d’Arc – the savior of France Although the flame of the popular uprising and managed to pay off, but before the changes for the better it was still far away. The country looked like a disturbed beehive. In it, uprisings of townspeople and peasants flared up, at times more formidable than Jacquerie. The English still defeated in the war. In 1415, […]...
11. “One Hundred Years of Solitude” by Garcia Marquez in Brief Contents The founders of the genus Buendía José Arcadio and Ursula were cousins ​​and sisters. Parents were afraid that they would give birth to a child with a pig’s tail. Ursula knows about the danger of incestuous marriage, and José Arcadio does not want to take into account such nonsense. Throughout one and a half years […]...
12. The death of the empire of Charlemagne, the formation of the states of medieval Europe Charlemagne died in 814 and the throne passed to his son Louis the Pious. However, soon three sons of Louis pious Karl Lysy, Louis German and Lothar – began to seek from the father of the partition of the empire. In order to calm them down, Louis the Pious in 817 divided the empire between […]...
13. Summary of the Viscount de Bragelon, or Ten Years Later Alexandre Dumas Viscount de Bragelonne, or Ten Years Later … May 1660th. The beginning of the independent rule of the young Louis XIV. The heir to the English throne, Charles II, who lives in exile incognito, meets with his cousin, the king of France, and asks for his support in the restoration of the throne. […]...
14. The beginning of the unification of Russian lands around Moscow According to the testament of Alexander Nevsky, his youngest son Daniil received possession of a small Moscow principality. Daniel set out to expand the boundaries of his possessions and began to collect Russian lands around Moscow. Moscow was in an area suitable for farming, cattle breeding and fisheries, at the intersection of important river trade […]...
15. Common questions to the country France 1. Using the text and maps, indicate the nature of France. How does the geographical position affect it? France is washed by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Well-moistened north-west of the country with a flat relief provides the population of France with basic food products and gives the opportunity to […]...
16. Sentimental journey through France and Italy Lawrence Stern Sentimental journey through France and Italy Deciding to make a trip to France and Italy, an Englishman with Shakespeare’s name Yorick landed in Calais. He reflects on travel and travelers, dividing them into different categories. He attributes himself to the category of “sensitive travelers”. A monk comes to Yorik with a request to […]...
17. “Sentimental journey through France and Italy” Sterne in brief summary Deciding to make a trip to France and Italy, an Englishman with Shakespeare’s name Yorick landed in Calais. He reflects on travel and travelers, dividing them into different categories. He attributes himself to the category of “sensitive travelers”. A monk comes to Yorik with a request to donate to a poor monastery, which pushes the […]...
18. The unification of the Arabs and the beginning of the Muslim conquests With the death of Muhammad, the question arose of his successor. Since, according to the teachings of Islam, there could be no other prophets after Muhammad, the new head of the Muslim community and the Arab state received the title of Khalif, which means “deputy prophet.” The first caliphs were elected from the companions and […]...
19. “Twenty years later” by A. Dumas in brief The middle of the XVII century. Instituted by the Fronde, the people of Paris murmur: the deputies, the merchants, the judiciary are outraged by the policies of Cardinal Mazarin, who sucks out all the juices from taxpayers. The Queen, who was going to Mass in the Cathedral of the Notre Dame, was haunted by a […]...
20. The strengthening of the Moscow state in the 15th century The political successes of the Moscow principality, achieved during the reign of Dmitry Donskoy, were consolidated and developed by his successors. The son of Dmitry Donskoy, Prince Vasily I shortly after ascension to the throne annexed the principality of Nizhny Novgorod, as well as lands in the Vychegda river basin, populated by the Komi people. […]...
21. Summary Twenty years later Alexander Dumas Alexander Dumas Twenty years later The middle of the XVII century. Spurred on by the Fronde, the people of Paris murmurs: deputies, merchants, legal department outraged policy of Cardinal Mazarin, sucking all the juice out of the taxpayers. The Queen, who was going to Mass in the Cathedral of the Notre Dame, was haunted by […]...
22. Summary “One Hundred Thousand Leagues Under the Sea” TWENTY THOUSAND LIE UNDER WATER Roman (1870) Nemo, Captain (Prince Dakkar) – a researcher of the sea depths, the inventor and owner of the fantastic Nautilus submarine, which from time to time is shown on the surface of the seas, is perceived by everyone as a kind of supernatural and dangerous representative of cetaceans, becoming […]...
23. Summary The young years of King Henry IV Henry Mann Young years of King Henry IV Part I. The Pyrenees of the Boy called Henry. The mother instructed Henry to take care of the relative and the educator, so that the son would grow up, as the children grow up among the people. He lived in the castle of Coarraz, and the area […]...
24. Summary of Eugénie de France The Marquis de Sade Eugénie de France “To lead a man to correct morals by pointing out the proper path” – the reason that prompted the author to create this woeful tale. Rich and noble Franval, corrupted by his education and “newfangled trends,” marries the charming Mademoiselle de Farney. The wife adores her husband, he […]...
25. “Eugenie de France” of the Garden in brief summary “To move a man to correct morals, pointing out the proper way to him,” is the reason that prompted the author to create this woeful tale. Rich and noble Franval, corrupted by his education and “newfangled trends,” marries the charming Mademoiselle de Farney. The wife adores her husband, he is “amazingly cold-blooded” to her. Nevertheless, […]...
26. “The young years of King Henry IV” Mann in brief summary XVI century. Henry, a boy from a noble French family who grew up in a provincial Bearna, after passing through the dangers of the St. Bartholomew’s night, trials and intrigue, becomes King of France Henry IV. Part I. Pyrenees The boy’s name was Heinrich. The mother instructed Henry to take care of the relative and […]...
27. Composition on the picture Vereshchagin “At the stage of bad news from France” The paintings of V. V. Vereshchagin from his cycle “1812-th year” are a real chronicle of the Napoleonic era. The painting “At the Stage – Bad News from France” (1887-1895) tells of an episode from the life of Napoleon during his disgraceful escape from Russia. The retreat of the Napoleonic army was in full swing. […]...
28. The feat of Joan of Arc In 1359, John II, who was brought to London, Dobry signed a difficult peace treaty for France, according to which almost half of the country was transferred to Edward III, and for himself undertook to pay a considerable ransom. His son Dauphin Karl refused to accept the terms of the treaty. Then Edward III landed […]...
29. Summary of “Quentin Durward” Scott The action takes place in medieval France, amidst wars and complex court intrigues, the French King Louis XI, an intelligent and subtle politician, is fighting the mighty European rulers for the prosperity of France. Unprincipled and cautious Louis is the antipode of Charles the Bold, the Duke of Burgundy, the first enemy of the French […]...
30. Southern Italy and Sicily in the XII-XV. “Sicilian Vespers” In 1130 the Norman Duke Roger II, ruler of the south of Italy and Sicily, received from the pope the title of king. So there was a Sicilian kingdom. Formally, Roger II and his heirs were considered vassals of the pope, but in fact the Sicilian kingdom was a completely independent state. The Sicilian kingdom […]...
31. “Quentin Dorward” Scott in summary The action takes place in medieval France, amidst wars and complex court intrigues, the French King Louis XI, an intelligent and subtle politician, is fighting the mighty European rulers for the prosperity of France. Unprincipled and cautious Louis is the antipode of Charles the Bold, the Duke of Burgundy, the first enemy of the French […]...
32. Summary Quentin Dorward Walter Scott Walter Scott Quentin Durward The action takes place in medieval France, amidst wars and complex court intrigues, the French King Louis XI, an intelligent and subtle politician, is fighting the mighty European rulers for the prosperity of France. Unprincipled and cautious Louis is the antipode of Charles the Bold, the Duke of Burgundy, the first […]...
33. Biography of Joe Louis Joe Louis is an American boxer, was born in Lafayette, Alabama. In the biography of Joe Louis, when he was only 4 years old, the father of the family died. And in 1926 Joe took his stepfather along with his family to Detroit. It was there that Luis became interested in boxing. At the age […]...
34. Summary Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. Iolanta IOLANTA Lyrical opera in one act1 Libretto by M. I. Tchaikovsky Characters: Rene, the King of Provence Robert, Duke of Burgundy Vaudemont, Earl, Burgundian Knight Ebn-Hakia, a Moorish doctor Almeric, the squire of King René Bertrand, the gatekeeper of the palace Iolanthe, daughter of King René (blind) Marta, Bertrand’s wife, Iolanthe’s nurse Bass Baritone Tenor […]...
35. Education of the Holy Roman Empire The eastern part of the empires of Charlemagne went to Louis the German as a separate kingdom, uniting the lands of four, in fact independent, duchies: Swabia, Bavaria, Franconia and Saxony. In Germany, the formation of the state takes place in the reign of Otto I, who, after defeating the Hungarians in 955 near Augsburg, […]...
36. Honore de Balzac – the glory and pride of France Honore de Balzac is a great French writer-realist. His merit in the development of world literature lies primarily in the fact that he raised the genre of the novel to the heights of artistic perfection and social significance. Stendhal was right to call Balzac “the king of novelists.” Looking closely at the surrounding reality, relying […]...
37. “Three hundred novellas” by Sacchetti in brief In the preface to his book, the author confesses that he wrote it, following “the example of the excellent Florentine poet, Messer Giovanni Boccaccio.” “I, the Florentine Franco Sacchetti, an ignorant and rude man, asked himself to write a book for you, collecting in it stories about all those unusual cases that, in the old […]...
38. “Collecting land” in the XV century. The overthrow of the yoke, the disintegration of the Horde. Ivan III After the Battle of Kulikovo, the Moscow Principality began to “gather” Russian lands around itself. This was taken care of, in particular, by the great Moscow prince Ivan III, who resorted both to bribery and to violence. Ivan III became a widower early. The preeminent Italian diplomats, in order to persuade him to join the […]...
39. Summary of Dumas A Alexander Dumas was born in 1802 in the family of General Tom-Alexandre Dumas and Maria-Louise Laboure, who lived in the small town of Ville Cotre. His childhood, adolescence and youth Dumas spent in his hometown, and then went to Paris. Despite poverty, the family still had a good reputation and aristocratic ties, which helped twenty-year-old […]...
40. Biography of Maria Theresa Maria Theresa – Archduchess of Austria, Empress of the Holy Roman Empire from the Habsburg dynasty from 1740 to 1780. Mother of Marie Antoinette. Early years In the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, Charles VI and his wife, Elizabeth Christina Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, the first daughter was born on May 13, 1717, in Hofburg, Vienna, Austria. […]...