At the end of IX c. in Europe, the construction of feudal castles begins. They were built not only by rich lords, but also by middle-class feudal lords. The massive construction of the castles was predetermined by constant invasions of enemies. Usually the castle was built on a hill or on a high bank, from … Read more
In the X-XI centuries. there is a revival of old and the emergence of new urban centers. This was predetermined by important economic processes, primarily the development of agriculture. During this period, the Bipolis spread, the production of grain and industrial crops increased, gardening, viticulture, gardening, livestock breeding developed. Surpluses of agricultural production peasants have … Read more
The church became very rich. The higher clergy bathed in luxury, the laity called for living in poverty. For many, this provoked a protest. XII century. From a revelatory speech against the shortcomings of the bishops A former monk… received a diocese… He in two years, like a hungry boar, overgrown with fat. Once it … Read more
In the middle of the XI century. Pope Gregory VII with an iron hand brought order in the Catholic Church. He resolutely demanded that kings and big feudal lords should not interfere in church affairs, and that the popes and bishops should choose the clergy. The pope claimed that monarchs should be his vassals and … Read more
The growth of the political influence of the papacy was particularly evident in the organization of the Crusades to the East. At the end of the XI century. Christian pilgrims lost the opportunity to freely pilgrimage to the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem, because the city was captured by the Seljuk Turks who professed Islam. The … Read more
Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael died almost simultaneously. The third brilliant master of the high Renaissance, Michelangelo Buonarroti, has outlived his great contemporaries. The first half of his work takes place in the same socio-political environment in which Leonardo and Rafael had to work. The second half of the life of Michelangelo falls to a … Read more
Medieval Europeans dressed warmer than the Romans, because the climate in Europe was colder, besides, the church considered the body “sinful” and demanded to carefully cover it. Europeans managed only with outer clothing. The main details were a linen shirt, short pants, a top shirt, a raincoat. Gradually it became fashionable to wear thick stockings … Read more
At the heart of medieval culture is a combination of ancient heritage and traditions of barbarian peoples. Christianity fell by force, which managed to unite them. At the turn of the V-VI centuries. the center of cultural and spiritual development was the Ostrogothic Kingdom in Italy. The outstanding personality of the “Ost-Goth Revival” was the … Read more
The first educational institutions of the Middle Ages were monastery, parafial and cathedral schools. However, they usually taught only one teacher, or a master, as his contemporaries called it. He passed the entire course of study with every schoolboy. In schools, students studied “seven free arts.” It was a system of objects, from two levels. … Read more
Joan of Arc gave her life for France for good reason. The French gradually liberated their country from the English invaders. Charles VII entered Paris. In 1453 the English owned only the city of Calais in France, but soon lost it. The longest war in European history ended in the victory of France. In France, … Read more