Southern Italy and Sicily in the XII-XV. “Sicilian Vespers”

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1. Southern Italy and Sicily in the 11th-13th centuries The historical fate of Southern Italy and Sicily was different. These areas in the XI century. conquered the Normans, who formed the Sicilian kingdom there. The feudal nobility in the kingdom existed, but the kings held it under their control. At the beginning of the XIII century. The Sicilian kingdom was given to Frederick II, […]...
2. Summary of Giuseppe Verdi. Sicilian Vespers SICILY EVENING Opera in five acts (six scenes) Libretto by E. Scribe in S. Duverie Characters: Guy de Montfort, Governor of Sicily Arrigo, young Sicilian Sire de Bétun, French officer Count de Vaudemont, French officer Giovanni di Procida, a Sicilian physician Danieli, Sicilian Thibaut, French soldier Robert, the French soldier Manfredo, Sicilian Princess Elena Ninetta, […]...
3. Conquest and loss of Italy. Friedrich I of Barbarossa. Frederick II Northern and Middle Italy for visibility was part of the Holy Roman Empire. She showed obedience to the emperor only when he sent his troops there. In general, it had to be conquered from time to time. The emperors did not spare any forces or means, because they were eager to reign over the Christian […]...
4. The Italian policy of the German emperors At the beginning of the XII century. The German Empire united the lands of modern Germany and Austria. Switzerland, Belgium, Holland, the Czech Republic, parts of France and Northern and Central Italy. It was a collection of separate territories, which, in effect, were controlled by independent secular and ecclesiastical princes. Emerging from the crisis of […]...
5. The composition of Levitan’s painting “Spring in Italy” There is this painter has two wonderful landscapes and both of them are dedicated to Italy, and to be precise, spring in Italy. Actually, spring is a wonderful time of the year everywhere. But Levitan reveals to us the Italian spring, which means that there is something in it. Two landscapes created in one year […]...
6. “Corinne, or Italy” by M. de Stael in brief Lord Oswald Nelvil is going to spend the winter in Italy and at the end of 1794 he leaves Edinburgh. Handsome, with a noble appearance, he is endowed with a great mind and in his twenty-five years owns a solid income. But despite the brilliant position in society, Lord Nelvil is burdened with life. He […]...
7. Early Renaissance and Humanism in Italy XIV-XV centuries In the XIV-XV centuries. among the intellectuals of Italy, the fascination with the culture of the ancient Greeks and Romans was growing, by that time almost forgotten. She attracted them, above all, her respect for man. Zealous admirers of ancient culture were later called humanists. With the efforts of the Humanists, this culture was born […]...
8. Summary Corinne, or Italy Madame de Stal Corinne, or Italy Lord Oswald Nelvil is going to spend the winter in Italy and at the end of 1794 leaves Edinburgh. Handsome, with a noble appearance, he is endowed with a great mind and in his twenty-five years owns a solid income. But despite the brilliant position in society, Lord Nelvil […]...
9. Sentimental journey through France and Italy Lawrence Stern Sentimental journey through France and Italy Deciding to make a trip to France and Italy, an Englishman with Shakespeare’s name Yorick landed in Calais. He reflects on travel and travelers, dividing them into different categories. He attributes himself to the category of “sensitive travelers”. A monk comes to Yorik with a request to […]...
10. “Sentimental journey through France and Italy” Sterne in brief summary Deciding to make a trip to France and Italy, an Englishman with Shakespeare’s name Yorick landed in Calais. He reflects on travel and travelers, dividing them into different categories. He attributes himself to the category of “sensitive travelers”. A monk comes to Yorik with a request to donate to a poor monastery, which pushes the […]...
11. Summary of “Tales of Italy” Just want to apologize, but for all the fairy tales until the materials we could not find: ( Near the pile of rubble near the road sits a black worker like a beetle with a medal on his chest. He tells the passerby that the medal was for the construction of the Simplon tunnel, during […]...
12. Southern seas of Russia 1. Using maps of the atlas, give a comparative physico-geographical description of the Black and Azov Seas. In the atlas for the 9th grade there are physical maps, they show the relief of the bottom, depicted with the help of isobaths – lines of equal depth. These maps show that the Black Sea is located […]...
13. Education of the Holy Roman Empire The eastern part of the empires of Charlemagne went to Louis the German as a separate kingdom, uniting the lands of four, in fact independent, duchies: Swabia, Bavaria, Franconia and Saxony. In Germany, the formation of the state takes place in the reign of Otto I, who, after defeating the Hungarians in 955 near Augsburg, […]...
14. Nature and resources of the mountains of Southern Siberia 1. Compare the physical and tectonic maps of Russia with the map and explain why Southern Siberia is an alternation of mountain ranges, intermountain hollows, uplands and plateaus. Show them on the map. The tectonic map shows that the central part of the mountains of Southern Siberia belongs to the Baikal folding region, which began […]...
15. Strengthening of royal power in France In the X century. the western part of the former empire of Charlemagne was already called, not by Gaul, but by France. But France was not a centralized state at that time. In the IX-X centuries. it was the first in Western Europe to split into a number of independent possessions – the duchies of […]...
16. General features of the location of natural areas of the southern continents. Their soil map 1. What are the features of the geographic location of the southern continents? A feature of the geographic location of the southern continents can be considered their partial or complete location in the Southern Hemisphere. This situation determines the features of the climate, the combination of natural zones, the nature of human activity on the […]...
17. The main events, information and facts on the topic “Europe, Byzantium, the Arab World” in the tables A country Prominent figures Developments Byzantine Empire 1) Justinian and Theodora 2) Leo III Isaurus 3) The Macedonian dynasty 4) Vasily II The Bulgarian 5) the Comnen dynasty 6) the Paleologic dynasty 1) the code of Justinian The uprising of “Nika” Church of St. Sophia 2) iconoclasm 3) “Golden Age” of the empire; The flowering […]...
18. Viking hiking Until the end of VIII – beginning of IX centuries. Western Europe knew nothing about the Normans. When she faced them face to face, she became desperate, as she was the victim of their devastating raids that lasted throughout the 9th-11th centuries. It was these invaders that Western Europeans called Vikings. Vikings were brave warriors. […]...
19. Jeanne d’Arc – the savior of France Although the flame of the popular uprising and managed to pay off, but before the changes for the better it was still far away. The country looked like a disturbed beehive. In it, uprisings of townspeople and peasants flared up, at times more formidable than Jacquerie. The English still defeated in the war. In 1415, […]...
20. France in the flames of uprisings England demanded a colossal ransom for King John II of Good. The General States were called, as was to be the case, so that they agreed to collect the redemption amount. But the General States this time showed a character – demanded that the collection of taxes be carried out under their control and that […]...
21. War of the Roses and the White Rose. The Civil War of 1455-1485 Of course, it was not the flowers that caused the terrible bloodshed in England at the end of the Middle Ages. In the Civil War of 1455-1485. The country was involved in two influential noble families – York and Lancaster. The coat of arms of York was adorned with a white rose, the coat of […]...
22. Karl Bald, Ludwig German, Lothar. Treaty of Verdun Although Charlemagne seems to have done everything to strengthen his state, it still proved to be unviable. He was weakened by rebellious feudal lords, whom the emperor had to force to submit to obedience. And most importantly, the tribes and peoples who inhabited the empire lived on their own and did not want to obey […]...
23. Feudal fragmentation. “States in the State” The Middle Ages was for Europe the era of feudal fragmentation. Local rulers – dukes, counts and barons, that is vassals of the king – were grandees, poorly obeyed the monarch, their possessions were states in the state. The king often had to apply force against them. XI-XII centuries. From the works of the medieval […]...
24. Painting by Aivazovsky “Neapolitan Bay in the morning” The painting “Neapolitan Bay in the morning,” was created in 1843, the famous artist Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky. When the artist traveled to Italy, he was struck by the beauty of this country. Of course, he reflected his impressions on canvas paintings. The general mood of the picture, makes me feel like an endless peace. Due […]...
25. The great migration of peoples and the formation of barbarian states The period in the history that initiated the formation of national communities in Europe is usually called the era of the Great Migration of Nations. As a result of migration processes on the ruins of the Western Roman Empire, new state formations of Burgundians, Lombards, Angles, Saxons and others emerged. The first barbarian state on […]...
26. Painting by Aivazovsky “Neapolitan Bay in the moonlight” Being in constant search of sources of inspiration for writing his paintings, Aivazovsky very often made trips to the Black Sea. Accordingly, after these trips, there were such famous paintings as “St. George’s Monastery”, “Storm on the Black Sea” and many others. Once Aivazovsky decided to get out of Russia and went on a trip […]...
27. Interregnum. Austrian Duchy At the time of the Interregnum, the German throne was not empty: it was bought by foreign princes and monarchs. Nevertheless, there was no supreme power in the state. In Germany, there were about a hundred principalities, mostly bishops. All of them were independent of the emperor, and some in general were vassals of foreign […]...
28. Education of the Swiss Union. Strengthening of territorial principalities As a result of the fall of the dynasty of Staufen the Holy Roman Empire lost its former strength. German spiritual and secular princes became almost independent rulers. The main place among them was occupied by the Electors, the princes, who had the right to elect the king. In 1273, they elected Count Rudolph Habsburg […]...
29. The Frankish state of the Carolingians. Education After the death of Pepin of Geristalsky, his sons began a rivalry for power. Defeated by his illegitimate son Karl, the Mayor of 715. He had to face a serious external danger. From the south, the territory of the Frankish Kingdom was invaded by the Arabs and conquered almost the entire Iberian Peninsula. In 732, […]...
30. Biography of Charlemagne Charlemagne is the King of the Franks and Lombards, the Emperor, who revived the Holy Roman Empire. According to scientists, Karl was born on April 2, 742. The place of his birth is also unknown, as possible indicated: Ingelheim, Aachen, Salzburg and some others. Karl’s parents were Pepin the Short and Bertrada of Laon. Carl […]...
31. Completion of the Hundred Years War and the reunification of France The death of Joan of Arc, as the British had hoped, did not change the course of the war. The French troops continued to advance successfully. The Burgundian Duke, realizing the hopelessness of the position of the British, hastened to reconcile with the French king. In the spring of 1436 Charles VII took Paris. He […]...
32. Excursion to Rome Today we will have a fascinating excursion to a wonderful city: we will go to Rome. Rome – the capital of Italy – is located in the central part of the Apennine peninsula on the banks of the Tiber River, 27 kilometers from the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea. One of the oldest cities in […]...
33. Merovingians. Clovis, King of the Franks During the Great Migration of Nations, the most powerful barbarian state in Western Europe created the Germanic tribes of the Franks. The first of their kings was the Merovingians. The origin of this dynasty is covered with legends, its founder, Merovey, was considered the son of two parents – the usual king and sea monster. […]...
34. Italian city republics Italy was more fortunate than other Western European countries. It better preserved the ancient heritage, the economic life was rampant, it became the center of the Catholic world. However, the political fate of her was unenviable. The country went to one conqueror, then another – Lombards, Byzantines, Franks, Arabs, Normans. The cities did not contribute […]...
35. Popular uprisings in France during the Hundred Years’ War The administration of France was temporarily transferred to the eldest son of John II of the Good Dauphin Karl. He decided to introduce new taxes to arm the army and redeem King John II of Good from captivity. However, the General States did not approve of this decision, and in 1358 Paris embraced the flames […]...
36. Basic dates and facts on the history of the Middle Ages Main dates on the history of the Middle Ages 395 The division of the Roman Empire into the Eastern and Western 476 The demise of the Roman Empire 486 Foundation of the Frankish Kingdom 610 Beginning of sermons by Mohammed 622 Relocation of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina 732 The Battle of Poitiers – the […]...
37. Bibliographic Dictionary of the Middle Ages Abelard Pierre. An outstanding thinker of medieval Europe. The predecessor of the scholastics. I sought reinforcement of the dogma of reason, so I inevitably fell into heresy. The church condemned him for “the impudence with which he delves into divine secrets.” I wrote a brilliant memo of medieval literature – “The History of My Disasters”. […]...
38. Germany – the next empire. Otto I the Great The territory of Germany, inhabited by German, Roman and Slavic tribes, was first part of the Frankish Empire. After this empire fell, the local feudal lords elected Henry I as their king in 919. Germany, thus, became a separate state, but divided into several large self-governing regions: Alemania, Bavaria, Franconia and Saxony. After Henry I, […]...
39. Papacy in the VI-XI centuries. Church split in 1054 g At the turn of the V-VI centuries. the positions of the papacy grew significantly as a result of the weakening of state power in Italy, as the country survived the conquest by the Ostrogoths, Byzantines, Lombards. In this situation, the popes were able to concentrate in their hands not only spiritual but also secular power. […]...
40. Painting by Aivazovsky “Chaos Creation” “At the art exhibition in Aiivazovsky in Rome, the paintings were recognized as the first.” The Neapolitan Night “,” The Storm “and” Chaos “made so much noise in the capital of fine arts, that the halls of nobles, public gatherings and dens of artists were announced with the glory of the Novorossiysk landscape painter, the […]...