Viking hiking

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1. “The Age of Vikings.” Hiking Attacks of Scandinavians continued intermittently from the end of the VIII century. and until the second half of the 11th century. In France, the “northern people” were known under the name of the Normans, in England they were called the Danes, in Byzantium – varangas, in Russia – by the Varangians. In the Scandinavian warriors […]...
2. Viking cruelty. Alfred the Great Germans cruelly treated the Celts, but they themselves suffered from the cruelty of the Vikings, especially the Danes. From the end of the VIII to the middle of the X century. the north-eastern part of England was devastated by the Danes, who left no stone on it. Medieval author sadly reported that the Danes killed […]...
3. The emergence of Scandinavian states in the Middle Ages The basis of the economic and political life of Scandinavia in the days of the Vikings were free people Bond. They had their own farm, they used the right to carry arms and appeal to the courts. They were farmers, cattlemen, hunters and fishermen. All of them were considered equal, but often their rights depended […]...
4. Life of the Normans In the North of Europe lived “northern people” – the Normans. These are the ancestors of the present Norwegians, Danes, Swedes and Icelanders. In Western Europe they were called Vikings, in Russia – by the Varangians. Northern Europe is far from a paradise. The climate there is cold, the conditions of life are severe. Forests […]...
5. The Norman Conquest of England In the middle of the XI century. England attracted the attention of the Duchy of Normandy, formed on the territory of France. It was inhabited mainly by the Normans. They during their residence have turned from robbers-pagans to robbers-Christians – knights. In 1066, the Norman Duke William the Conqueror led a 15,000-strong force of Norman […]...
6. England and the Vikings In the 60-ies of IX century. Vikings, mostly Danes, began to conquer Britain. They captured a significant territory in the north-east of the country and forced the Anglo-Saxons south. The subsequent advancement of the Normans in this direction was suspended under King Alfred the Great. The king defeated the Danes and concluded a peace treaty […]...
7. Strengthening of royal power in France In the X century. the western part of the former empire of Charlemagne was already called, not by Gaul, but by France. But France was not a centralized state at that time. In the IX-X centuries. it was the first in Western Europe to split into a number of independent possessions – the duchies of […]...
8. Stormy VII-XI centuries of Byzantium. Iconoclasm Byzantium re-entered its “golden age”. From free peasants, she created a well-trained and armed army, built a strong fleet. However, she was constantly feverish: the struggle for the throne did not stop, quarrels among themselves, people’s riots and uprisings broke out, heretical movements arose. At the beginning of the VIII century. oil in the fire […]...
9. Popular uprisings in France during the Hundred Years’ War The administration of France was temporarily transferred to the eldest son of John II of the Good Dauphin Karl. He decided to introduce new taxes to arm the army and redeem King John II of Good from captivity. However, the General States did not approve of this decision, and in 1358 Paris embraced the flames […]...
10. Scandinavian states of the Middle Ages At the end of IX c. Vikings from Norway settled on a large treeless island. They called it Iceland – “The Land of Ice”. The climate in Iceland was very unfavorable for agriculture, but the presence of fat pastures allowed to graze livestock. Soon the entire coast of Iceland was dotted with the hamlets of […]...
11. Southern Italy and Sicily in the XII-XV. “Sicilian Vespers” In 1130 the Norman Duke Roger II, ruler of the south of Italy and Sicily, received from the pope the title of king. So there was a Sicilian kingdom. Formally, Roger II and his heirs were considered vassals of the pope, but in fact the Sicilian kingdom was a completely independent state. The Sicilian kingdom […]...
12. Normans in the Middle Ages The Scandinavian peninsula is almost 2,000 km deep in Europe. Long ago it was inhabited by the northern Germanic tribes, which in Western Europe were called Normans, that is, “people of the North”. Of these, Danes, Swedes and Norwegians separated, who later formed their states. Most of the Scandinavian Peninsula was occupied by forests and […]...
13. Southern Italy and Sicily in the 11th-13th centuries The historical fate of Southern Italy and Sicily was different. These areas in the XI century. conquered the Normans, who formed the Sicilian kingdom there. The feudal nobility in the kingdom existed, but the kings held it under their control. At the beginning of the XIII century. The Sicilian kingdom was given to Frederick II, […]...
14. The beginning of the Hundred Years War After the death of Philip IV the Beautiful, the French throne belonged to three of his sons for 15 years. However, none of them left their heirs, and in 1328 the rule of the Capetian dynasty ceased. On the throne, the representative of her younger branch, Philip VI Valois, ascended. The British King Edward III […]...
15. Hussite wars The execution of Jan Hus overflowed the cup of people’s patience. Numerous supporters of Jan Hus, the Hussites, rebelled. But among the rebels there was no unity. Some, chasniki, demanded permission to all partake of the cup. Others, Taborites, wanted the impossible at all – to build the Kingdom of God on earth. In this […]...
16. The main events, information and facts on the topic “Europe, Byzantium, the Arab World” in the tables A country Prominent figures Developments Byzantine Empire 1) Justinian and Theodora 2) Leo III Isaurus 3) The Macedonian dynasty 4) Vasily II The Bulgarian 5) the Comnen dynasty 6) the Paleologic dynasty 1) the code of Justinian The uprising of “Nika” Church of St. Sophia 2) iconoclasm 3) “Golden Age” of the empire; The flowering […]...
17. Completion of the Hundred Years War and the reunification of France The death of Joan of Arc, as the British had hoped, did not change the course of the war. The French troops continued to advance successfully. The Burgundian Duke, realizing the hopelessness of the position of the British, hastened to reconcile with the French king. In the spring of 1436 Charles VII took Paris. He […]...
18. Summary of “Tamir and Selim” Tamir and Selim. Otd. ed. St. Petersburg. 1750. Written on the “verbal decree” of Elizabeth, who ordered “the professors Trediakovsky and Lomonosov to compose according to the tragedy.” The report of the “one-third of the May” 1750 Lomonosov pointed out that “the tragedy began to compose”, and in the next report mentions that finished “Tamir […]...
19. Philip IV the Beautiful. “The Iron King” Especially strengthened royal power in France under Philip IV the Beautiful. Favorably married, he took possession of the region of Champagne and the kingdom of Navarre beyond the Pyrenees, and then subdued to himself and the rich Flanders. However, the cities of Flanders soon rebelled and completely defeated in the so-called “Battle of Spurs” select […]...
20. France in the flames of uprisings England demanded a colossal ransom for King John II of Good. The General States were called, as was to be the case, so that they agreed to collect the redemption amount. But the General States this time showed a character – demanded that the collection of taxes be carried out under their control and that […]...
21. Monk Otlon about the death in 754 of Saint Boniface When the missionaries dispersed over the spacious possessions of the frieze to preach the Gospel and came to the river Bortne… St. Boniface, accompanied by his disciples, ordered the tents to be broken and to wait at the same place for the arrival of people newly baptized to perform the sacrament of the sacrament. A […]...
22. The Hungarian Kingdom On the lands of the middle Danubian – the territory of modern Hungary Hungarian tribes came in 896. At the head of the Hungarian tribes stood the leader Arpad. It is with him that the princely, and later the first royal dynasty of Hungary – Arpadovichi begins. The entire first half of the X century. […]...
23. The End of the Hundred Years War and the Unification of France Joan of Arc gave her life for France for good reason. The French gradually liberated their country from the English invaders. Charles VII entered Paris. In 1453 the English owned only the city of Calais in France, but soon lost it. The longest war in European history ended in the victory of France. In France, […]...
24. Knife for cutting bread Of all cutlery, I like the bread cutter the most. This very beautiful and comfortable knife is a gift from my friend, the national craftsman Constantine Cooper. Uncle Kostya is a real master, he knows how to cut wood and does wonderful things: caskets, combs for hair, vases and even decorative furniture. The handle of […]...
25. Clergy. “Those who pray” The most honorable place in the medieval society of Europe was occupied by the clergy. It was formed in the early Middle Ages, when Europe became Christian. The main duty of the clergy was to perform worship and church ordinances. The clergy were not homogeneous. It was divided into categories – spiritual dignities, from the […]...
26. Jeanne d’Arc – the savior of France Although the flame of the popular uprising and managed to pay off, but before the changes for the better it was still far away. The country looked like a disturbed beehive. In it, uprisings of townspeople and peasants flared up, at times more formidable than Jacquerie. The English still defeated in the war. In 1415, […]...
27. How a person should treat nature I believe that people should not treat nature as it is now. Probably we all know how much damage is caused by deforestation, drainage of swamps, pollution of water bodies. A person often throws trash into ponds, rivers, lakes, oceans and seas. Even when a person throws garbage near the water, it is washed away […]...
28. The Magna Carta and the emergence of the English Parliament King John, as a result of the unsuccessful war for England with Philip II August, lost in France most of the patrimonial possessions of the Plantagenets. Therefore, contemporaries called John a derogatory nickname Landless. Military defeat, the constant extortion of “shield money” caused the subjects genuine hatred for the king. The situation was aggravated by […]...
29. The feat of Joan of Arc In 1359, John II, who was brought to London, Dobry signed a difficult peace treaty for France, according to which almost half of the country was transferred to Edward III, and for himself undertook to pay a considerable ransom. His son Dauphin Karl refused to accept the terms of the treaty. Then Edward III landed […]...
30. The rivers of the basin of the Arctic Ocean To the basin of the Arctic Ocean are such large rivers in the north of Asia as the Ob, Yenisei and Lena. The most full of them is the Yenisei. The largest river basin in Eurasia is the Ob. Rivers originate in the mountains of Southern Siberia, so in the upper reaches the nature of […]...
31. The Hundred Years War of 1337-1453 After the death of Philip IV, three of his sons died one after the other under mysterious circumstances. The grandees proclaimed King Philip VI Long – a representative of the genus Valois. He wrote in 1328 the royal dynasty of Valois, which existed in France until 1589. However, the new dynasty was not lucky. Philip […]...
32. Summary of “Avdotya Ryazanochka” Bylina about Avdotya Ryazanochka reflected a concrete historical event: the merciless destruction of Ryazan in 1237 by Khan Baty. The raids of strangers to Rus continued even after liberation from the Mongol-Tatar yoke, therefore Batu Khan was named in the epic by Bakhmet the Turkish. Left alone in the ruined enemy of Ryazan, Avdotya Ryazanochka, […]...
33. Anglo-Saxon kingdoms In the early fifth century. the Roman troops permanently left Britain, inhabited then by the Celtic tribes. The dust had not yet settled behind them, and the German tribes of the Angles, Saxons, Utes had already come to Britain and unceremoniously settled on the land of the owners. VIII century. From the work of the […]...
34. Transport and communication in medieval Europe Medieval people – knights, merchants, artisans, monks, pilgrims – was in constant motion. They moved slowly enough, because then the vehicles did not develop a great speed. There were three types of transport: land, river and sea. The development of land transport was influenced by the condition of roads. Even the ancient Romans built a […]...
35. Monasticism. Catholic Orders In the X-XV centuries. with the aim of dissociating themselves from the old monastic associations, in which the discipline decayed, dozens of new monastic unions were formed in the Catholic Church. They were called Orders. Each order had its own Charter. Supervised by the Order of the Grand Master or General, they were selected by […]...
36. From the history of discovery and research in North America Long before the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus, Normans visited the inhabitants of the Scandinavian Peninsula. In the X century. they led Eirik Raudi from the island of Iceland set off across the expanses of the ocean to the west and reached an unknown land – the island of Greenland. A thousand years ago, […]...
37. “Magna Carta”. King John the Landless Henry II left his heirs strong royal power. But right after his death they faced serious challenges. The war with France, England, in the end, lost. The scapegoats for this and other setbacks were made by the barons of John the Landless, the youngest son of Henry II. This king, as luck would have, quarreled […]...
38. Man and nature in the Middle Ages In the Middle Ages, the population depended entirely on the natural and climatic conditions. The peculiarities of nature prompted which dwellings and settlements should be built, which transport – water or land – to use, which tools to produce. From the landscape and climate depended even the character of the man himself. Medieval Europe was […]...
39. The reign of Philip IV the Beautiful The royal power was strengthened under Philip IV the Beautiful. He sought to expand his domain. The first marriage of Philip IV was married to Jeanne, the Queen of Navarre and the Countess de Champagne, thus joining these territories to France. The main purpose of Philip was to capture Geei and Gascony, still owned by […]...
40. Summary “Wild swans” by Andersen At the beginning of the fairy tale, we get to know eleven of the royal princes and the little princess, who are the children of the king. The king’s wife died, and he married a new woman. My stepmother did not like her stepchildren and stepdaughter very much. With the help of witchcraft, her stepmother […]...