The struggle of the Swiss for independence. The origins of European democracy

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1. Education of the Swiss Union. Strengthening of territorial principalities As a result of the fall of the dynasty of Staufen the Holy Roman Empire lost its former strength. German spiritual and secular princes became almost independent rulers. The main place among them was occupied by the Electors, the princes, who had the right to elect the king. In 1273, they elected Count Rudolph Habsburg […]...
2. The composition of Glazunov’s “The Market of Our Democracy” Negative nineties successfully passed into the picture of Ilya Glazunov “The market of our democracy.” A great Russian artist, combines in his work realism and symbolism. His paintings impress the viewer with the large size and straightforwardness of the plot. “The market of our democracy” is a very large picture. The spectator will be surprised […]...
3. Wilhelm Tell Schiller in brief The play takes place in three “forest cantons” – Schwyz, Uri and Unterwalden, which, united in 1291, formed the basis of the Swiss Union in the struggle against the Austrian domination of the Habsburgs. It is hard for ordinary people who suffer from arbitrariness of the governors of the Austrian emperor – fohts. In the […]...
4. Summary Wilhelm Tell Friedrich Schiller Wilhelm Tell The play takes place in three “forest cantons” – Schwyz, Uri and Unterwalden, which, united in 1291, formed the basis of the Swiss Union in the struggle against the Austrian domination of the Habsburgs. It is hard for ordinary people who suffer from arbitrariness of the governors of the Austrian emperor […]...
5. The desire of the city of Laon to independence A unique example of the irresistible desire of the city for independence is the history described in the chronicle of the abbot Guyiber Nogansky. It is about the struggle for self-government of the inhabitants of the northern French city of Laon – the property of Bishop Godry, famous for his stinginess and ruthlessness. In 1108, […]...
6. The struggle of cities for self-government. Cities-communes The whole land belonged to the feudal lords, and therefore the cities stood on their land and were considered their property. The city was like a vassal of the feudal lord. The townspeople completely depended on his whims and appetites, the feudal lord tried to squeeze out of them as much as possible profit. This […]...
7. Summary of Gioacchino Rossini. Wilhelm Tell WILHELM TELL Opera in four acts Libretto by V. Etienne (Jouy) and I. Bis Characters: Wilhelm Tell Walter Furst Melchtal Arnold, the son of Melchtal Leithhold Gesler, governor of the Kaiser in Switzerland Rudolf Garras, the leader of the soldiers of Gesler Matilda, Hapsburg Princess Hedwiga, Tell’s wife Jemmy, the son of Tell Fisherman Hunter […]...
8. The East European Plain 1. Identify the distinctive features of the geographical location of the European part of Russia. Give it an assessment. Show on the map the main geographical objects of the East European Plain – natural and economic; Largest cities. The main features of the geographical position of European Russia – the location on the Russian Plain, […]...
9. Stages of development of farms in the European North 1. How has the significance of the European North changed in the Russian economy as it evolved? What is the reason for the reduction and strengthening of the role of the region in the economy of the state? The European North has long been a supplier of furs, salt and fish. From the end of […]...
10. Summary of William Schiller’s “William Tell” The action in the drama takes place in three Swiss cantons, which are located around the Firvaldshtetski Lake and were previously free, and now they are claimed by Austria. This led to a conflict between the Swiss and the Landsgoths (governors of the Austrian emperor). Residents of each of the three cantons have their resistance […]...
11. European part of Russia 1. List the most characteristic historical, physico-geographical, socio-economic characteristics that characterize the European part of Russia. In the western economic zone there are 8 economic regions. The eastern border is formed by the Nenets Autonomous District, the Komi Republic, the Sverdlovsk and Kurgan Regions. In terms of the area of ​​the territory, this part of […]...
12. The struggle of cities for self-government. Communal movement Since medieval cities were formed on the land of secular and spiritual feudal lords, they accordingly submitted to them. The feudal lords were interested in this, because the craft and trade gave a lot of income. However, the desire of the feudal lords to pull out of the city as much money as possible aroused […]...
13. The role of the European North in the development of Russian culture 1. For different sources of information, identify the centers of art crafts. Vologda lace, as you might guess, is made in Vologda. Such artistic crafts as bone carving and birch bark work use local material: walrus tusks and the outer part of birch bark. In the old days they wrote on birch bark as on […]...
14. The End of the Hundred Years War and the Unification of France Joan of Arc gave her life for France for good reason. The French gradually liberated their country from the English invaders. Charles VII entered Paris. In 1453 the English owned only the city of Calais in France, but soon lost it. The longest war in European history ended in the victory of France. In France, […]...
15. European culture of the early Middle Ages At the heart of medieval culture is a combination of ancient heritage and traditions of barbarian peoples. Christianity fell by force, which managed to unite them. At the turn of the V-VI centuries. the center of cultural and spiritual development was the Ostrogothic Kingdom in Italy. The outstanding personality of the “Ost-Goth Revival” was the […]...
16. The Spiritual World of Northern European Nations in the Middle Ages The Scandinavians were pagans. Their mythology is a collection of stories about the warlike gods who lived in Asgard – the Scandinavian Olympus. In Asgard, three major gods dominated – One, Thor and Freyr. The Supreme God was One – the god of war and wisdom. He was one-eyed, because he gave the second eye […]...
17. Geographical position and nature of the European North 1. Highlight the main features of the geographical location of the European North. The main features of the geographical location of the European North are: Exit to the White and nonfreezing Barents Sea; Neighborhood with economically developed, but poorly provided fuel and raw materials resources of the North-West, Central and Volga-Vyatka regions; The northern position, […]...
18. Summary Pioneers, or At the Origins of the Sousquehanna JF Cooper Pioneers, or At the Beginnings of Susquehanne Early December Evening of 1793 Horses slowly pull up big sledges uphill. In the sledge, father and daughter are Judge Marmaduke Temple and Miss Elizabeth. The judge is one of the first settlers; one of those thanks to which this newly wilderness has changed. There were […]...
19. “Pioneers, or At the Origins of Susquehanna” by Cooper in a brief summary Early December evening in 1793 The horses slowly pull up the big sledges. In the sledge, father and daughter are Judge Marmaduke Temple and Miss Elizabeth. The judge is one of the first settlers; one of those thanks to which this newly wilderness has changed. There were churches, roads, schools. Around the prosperous villages – […]...
20. The struggle of Russia for liberation from the rule of the Golden Horde. The Battle of Kulikovo Field Politics of Ivan Kalita continued his sons – Semyon Proud and Ivan the Red. In 1359 the prince’s throne was occupied by the nine-year-old son of Ivan the Red Dmitry. He, like his grandfather Ivan Kalita, proved to be an able and energetic ruler. It was thanks to his tireless energy in Moscow that the […]...
21. Jan Hus – Bethlehem rebel. The struggle of the Czech Republic with German dominance At the beginning of the XV century. the Czechs have run out of patience. They rose to fight the German dominance and the “corruption” of the clergy. The townspeople sought a cheap church, noblemen – of its landed estates, and all together – the liberation of the country from German domination. The disgruntled head of […]...
22. The inner struggle of the protagonist and his insight Young and ambitious Julien Sorel seeks to make a career in a brutal, hostile society. To achieve this goal, he has no means and possibilities, except hypocrisy, whose “art” he is compelled to master in order to adapt to the hated environment. Constantly feeling surrounded by enemies, Julien closely monitors each step, acts all the […]...
23. The Summary of Theogony, or About the Origins of the Gods Hesiod Theogony, or On the origin of the gods Everybody knows: Greek mythology is first and foremost a lot of names. This is for us; and for the Greeks themselves there were even more. Almost every town or village had its own local deities; and even about those who were common, in every city they […]...
24. Interregnum. Austrian Duchy At the time of the Interregnum, the German throne was not empty: it was bought by foreign princes and monarchs. Nevertheless, there was no supreme power in the state. In Germany, there were about a hundred principalities, mostly bishops. All of them were independent of the emperor, and some in general were vassals of foreign […]...
25. Summary “Pioneers, or At the Origins of Susquehanna” by Cooper This story began in the early December evening in 1793. The draft horses slowly pulled a massive sledge up the mountain. In them sat father and daughter. The father was a respected judge, who was called like Marmaduke Temple, and his beautiful daughter is Miss Elizabeth. This small family were simple settlers. They were among […]...
26. The struggle of good and evil in the soul of man E. Sikirich talks about the conversation of an old Indian with his grandson about good and evil. Grandfather figuratively compares these most important moral categories with two wolves, who fight in the soul of each person. One of them is associated with him with low and vile human qualities, and the other beast – with […]...
27. Prometheus – a symbol of heroic service to people, the struggle against tyranny I would not exchange my griefs On slavish service. Aeschylus He really was a hero, a titan in the original meaning of these words. Just think, it’s been sung for more than twenty-five centuries! This is only in the drama of Aeschylus, but how much is it? And the actors on the curbs talked about […]...
28. The strengthening of the Moscow state in the 15th century The political successes of the Moscow principality, achieved during the reign of Dmitry Donskoy, were consolidated and developed by his successors. The son of Dmitry Donskoy, Prince Vasily I shortly after ascension to the throne annexed the principality of Nizhny Novgorod, as well as lands in the Vychegda river basin, populated by the Komi people. […]...
29. Biography of Georgiana Cavendish Georgiana Cavendish is the Duchess of Devonshire, wife of William Cavendish, an activist. Born Georgiana on June 7, 1757 in Althropa in the family of John Spencer. Biography Georgiana Cavendish is known as a beauty with a brilliant mind. Cavendish was an activist in political and literary circles. At a young age she married Duke […]...
30. Karl Bald, Ludwig German, Lothar. Treaty of Verdun Although Charlemagne seems to have done everything to strengthen his state, it still proved to be unviable. He was weakened by rebellious feudal lords, whom the emperor had to force to submit to obedience. And most importantly, the tribes and peoples who inhabited the empire lived on their own and did not want to obey […]...
31. Ukraine is my native land When asked such a topic, I want to talk not about the beauties of the Ukrainian land, not about its heroes, or about its riches. Everybody knows about this, and everyone is proud of this. I would like to reflect on today’s problems of my country. I read somewhere that our people had not had […]...
32. First Plantagenets. Henry II. Richard the Lionheart William the Conqueror made England a powerful state. But it became more powerful under the dynasty Plantagenet. With the death in 1135 of King Henry I, the youngest son of William the Conqueror, the Norman dynasty ended. A fierce struggle for power broke out in England. Barons no longer obeyed the king, built their own […]...
33. Biography of Plato Plato is an ancient Greek philosopher. Plato was born into a family with aristocratic roots. After getting to know Socrates, he accepted his teaching. Then in the biography of Plato there were several trips: to Megarts, Cyrene, Egypt, Italy, Athens. It was in Athens that Plato established his own academy. His works were presented by […]...
34. Merovingians. Clovis, King of the Franks During the Great Migration of Nations, the most powerful barbarian state in Western Europe created the Germanic tribes of the Franks. The first of their kings was the Merovingians. The origin of this dynasty is covered with legends, its founder, Merovey, was considered the son of two parents – the usual king and sea monster. […]...
35. Biography Herman Lillevyali German Lillevyly is a successful financier and entrepreneur with more than 20 years of experience in finance and investment, president and founder of GL Financial Group, a Swiss investment group of companies with offices in Geneva, Switzerland. He was born on March 13, 1964 in Moscow. It has Estonian-German roots. Father Herman Lillwevy is a […]...
36. Biography of William Tilden William Tattem Tilden – American tennis player, was born in Philadelphia. In the biography of William Tutem Tilden from the youth, the athlete quickly developed into a brilliant, versatile tennis player. Since 1913, he won several US titles in doubles. Seven times winning the title of US champion, and three times winning the British championship, […]...
37. Germany at the end of the Middle Ages. The German Empire of the 14th-15th centuries The dynasty of the Habsburgs did not remain in power for long. At the beginning of the XIV century. the feudal lords elected King Henry VII of Luxembourg. He founded the Luxembourg dynasty, which persistently tried to conquer Italy, quarreled with the popes. All this, in the end, fed up with the princes. To the […]...
38. Germany in the 14th-15th centuries Germany XIV-XV centuries. was distinguished by rapid development of cities, crafts and trade. This was facilitated by the favorable location of the country – at the crossroads of international trade routes. At the beginning of the XIV century. in Germany there were about 3500 cities. However, the development of the economy was significantly hampered by […]...
39. Why a person is defined as the highest value of a democratic society Of all that exists in the world, the most valuable and important for a person is the person himself. Even the ancient Greeks with the mouth of the philosopher Protagoras said: “Man is the measure of everything.” Only man is endowed with developed abilities to comprehend and transform the surrounding world on the basis of […]...
40. Italian city republics Italy was more fortunate than other Western European countries. It better preserved the ancient heritage, the economic life was rampant, it became the center of the Catholic world. However, the political fate of her was unenviable. The country went to one conqueror, then another – Lombards, Byzantines, Franks, Arabs, Normans. The cities did not contribute […]...