The German Empire and the Papacy

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1. Rise of the papacy in the era of the developed Middle Ages Dependence on secular power reduced the moral standards of the clergy and church discipline. Monastic regulations were not observed, monasticism degenerated, monks were looked upon as ignoramuses and idlers. This led to monasticism in the movement for the reform of monasteries, the rise of the role of the clergy and the liberation of the church […]...
2. Germany at the end of the Middle Ages. The German Empire of the 14th-15th centuries The dynasty of the Habsburgs did not remain in power for long. At the beginning of the XIV century. the feudal lords elected King Henry VII of Luxembourg. He founded the Luxembourg dynasty, which persistently tried to conquer Italy, quarreled with the popes. All this, in the end, fed up with the princes. To the […]...
3. Walking to Kanossa. Tug of war in Germany By the middle of XI century. German emperors considered the popes to be their servants – they appointed them and overthrew them. But the Catholic church still broke out of their death grip. In 1056 the German throne was occupied by the six-year-old Henry IV. While he was growing up, the power in the state […]...
4. Papacy in the VI-XI centuries. Church split in 1054 g At the turn of the V-VI centuries. the positions of the papacy grew significantly as a result of the weakening of state power in Italy, as the country survived the conquest by the Ostrogoths, Byzantines, Lombards. In this situation, the popes were able to concentrate in their hands not only spiritual but also secular power. […]...
5. Germany – the next empire. Otto I the Great The territory of Germany, inhabited by German, Roman and Slavic tribes, was first part of the Frankish Empire. After this empire fell, the local feudal lords elected Henry I as their king in 919. Germany, thus, became a separate state, but divided into several large self-governing regions: Alemania, Bavaria, Franconia and Saxony. After Henry I, […]...
6. Papal power. The split of the Christian church In the fifth and sixth centuries, taking advantage of the lack of strong state power in Italy, the papacy intensified. The popes became not only spiritual, but also secular lords of the Roman Diocese. In 756, Italy even formed a special Papal State, partially preserved until now. Gregory I the Great made a great deal […]...
7. Interregnum. Austrian Duchy At the time of the Interregnum, the German throne was not empty: it was bought by foreign princes and monarchs. Nevertheless, there was no supreme power in the state. In Germany, there were about a hundred principalities, mostly bishops. All of them were independent of the emperor, and some in general were vassals of foreign […]...
8. The Italian policy of the German emperors At the beginning of the XII century. The German Empire united the lands of modern Germany and Austria. Switzerland, Belgium, Holland, the Czech Republic, parts of France and Northern and Central Italy. It was a collection of separate territories, which, in effect, were controlled by independent secular and ecclesiastical princes. Emerging from the crisis of […]...
9. Conquest and loss of Italy. Friedrich I of Barbarossa. Frederick II Northern and Middle Italy for visibility was part of the Holy Roman Empire. She showed obedience to the emperor only when he sent his troops there. In general, it had to be conquered from time to time. The emperors did not spare any forces or means, because they were eager to reign over the Christian […]...
10. Christianity and the Church at the dawn of the Middle Ages Christianity appeared in the Roman era, but the world religion became in the Middle Ages, when its organization – the church was formed and strengthened. At the dawn of the Middle Ages the Church hierarchy already existed. In the Western Roman Empire, the head of the church was the pope, and in the Eastern Roman […]...
11. Education of the Holy Roman Empire The eastern part of the empires of Charlemagne went to Louis the German as a separate kingdom, uniting the lands of four, in fact independent, duchies: Swabia, Bavaria, Franconia and Saxony. In Germany, the formation of the state takes place in the reign of Otto I, who, after defeating the Hungarians in 955 near Augsburg, […]...
12. The collapse of the Byzantine Empire. The Latin Empire At the end of the XI century. Crusades began. It would seem that this disaster will not affect the Byzantine capital – the center of Orthodoxy. But the organization of the Fourth Crusade was interrupted by a cunning old man – blind Venetian doge Enrico Dandolo. He conceived the hands of the Crusaders to destroy […]...
13. The beginning of a religious war. Prerequisites of the Crusades 1096-1270 biennium In the middle of the XI century. Pope Gregory VII with an iron hand brought order in the Catholic Church. He resolutely demanded that kings and big feudal lords should not interfere in church affairs, and that the popes and bishops should choose the clergy. The pope claimed that monarchs should be his vassals and […]...
14. Jan Hus – Bethlehem rebel. The struggle of the Czech Republic with German dominance At the beginning of the XV century. the Czechs have run out of patience. They rose to fight the German dominance and the “corruption” of the clergy. The townspeople sought a cheap church, noblemen – of its landed estates, and all together – the liberation of the country from German domination. The disgruntled head of […]...
15. Carolingians. Karl Martell, Pepin the Short, Charlemagne. Reconstituted Empire The first Carolingians were still majordomami with “lazy kings”. The most notable figure among them was Carl Martell. In 732, Carl Martell in the Battle of Poitiers defeated the Arabs and, perhaps, saved Europe from this Arab invasion. This battle convinced Karl Martell that it was time to replace the militiamen with warriors-horsemen in the […]...
16. Christianity in the early Middle Ages At the beginning of the Middle Ages, Christianity for almost two centuries was the official religion of the Roman Empire. Support for the church by the state contributed to its administrative and economic strengthening. From the middle of the IV century. there is a certain difference in the relations between church and state in the […]...
17. “The onslaught on the East.” German Crusades against the Slavs XII-XIII centuries German feudal lords did not receive anything in the Muslim East in the Crusades. Aspirations to increase their possessions they lacked – Germany seemed to them close. Therefore, while the emperors fought with Italy and quarreled with the popes, the feudal lords carried out an “onslaught on the East” – populated the lands in the […]...
18. The German offensive to the east in the 12th-14th centuries Gradual spread of German settlements to the east was observed in the VIII century. and significantly intensified in the XII century, when, as a result of a long and brutal struggle, the German feudal lords captured the territories of the Polabian Slavs – the obedrites and the Lyutichs. The Margrave of Brandenburg, the Duchies of […]...
19. First Plantagenets. Henry II. Richard the Lionheart William the Conqueror made England a powerful state. But it became more powerful under the dynasty Plantagenet. With the death in 1135 of King Henry I, the youngest son of William the Conqueror, the Norman dynasty ended. A fierce struggle for power broke out in England. Barons no longer obeyed the king, built their own […]...
20. Church in the XIV-XV centuries In the XIV-XV centuries. The royal power grew very strong and took control of the local church. French King Philip IV Beautiful even moved the papal capital from Rome to the French city of Avignon. “Avignon Prisoner” Dad lasted 70 years. Back in the XIII century. the order of election was changed so that secular […]...
21. The death of the empire of Charlemagne, the formation of the states of medieval Europe Charlemagne died in 814 and the throne passed to his son Louis the Pious. However, soon three sons of Louis pious Karl Lysy, Louis German and Lothar – began to seek from the father of the partition of the empire. In order to calm them down, Louis the Pious in 817 divided the empire between […]...
22. Church of Western Europe in the 14th-15th centuries At the beginning of the XIV century. the political situation in Western Europe has radically changed. The process of centralization has become more active. National states began to form. The royal power subordinated to itself feudal nobility – secular and ecclesiastical. But the papacy, contrary to new tendencies, tried to defend and even strengthen its […]...
23. Karl Bald, Ludwig German, Lothar. Treaty of Verdun Although Charlemagne seems to have done everything to strengthen his state, it still proved to be unviable. He was weakened by rebellious feudal lords, whom the emperor had to force to submit to obedience. And most importantly, the tribes and peoples who inhabited the empire lived on their own and did not want to obey […]...
24. Main events, facts and facts on the topic “Religious and cultural life of medieval Europe” in the tables 756 – the foundation of the Papal States with the center in Rome. 1054 – schism – the division of the church into the Catholic and Orthodox. The Cluny movement and the reform activities of Pope Gregory VII: The election of Pan Roman by the conclave of the Cardinals; The introduction of the vow of […]...
25. The State Administration of the Byzantine Empire The supreme power in the Byzantine Empire belonged to the basileus, surrounded by honors and luxury. However, it was not easy to stay on the throne in Byzantium: most emperors lost power as a result of conspiracies and riots. If the conspirators won, they were not tried. During the 1122 years of the empire’s existence, […]...
26. Literature of the German Enlightenment Absolutism in Germany took a specific shallow-water form. The mass impoverishment of the peasants led to the emergence of spontaneous social protest; Fugitive gangs consisting of fugitive peasants wielded in the forests and on large roads. For politically fragmented Germany, a multiplicity of cultural centers is characteristic. Such centers were Leipzig, Hamburg, Göttingen, until finally […]...
27. The Chinese Empire in the III-XII centuries At the end of the II century. the uprising of the “yellow bandages” caused the Khan Empire an irreparable blow and in 220 it broke up into three states. In 280, the ruler of one of them, Sima Yan, united under his authority all of China and founded the Jin Empire. However, she was not […]...
28. The Czech Kingdom. Preconditions At the turn of the IX-X centuries. in the Czech princedom the princely clan of the Přemíslović stands prominently. It Precisely, at the head of the tribal union of the Czechs, laid the foundations of an independent Czech state with a center in Prague. Their power was especially strong during the years of the reign […]...
29. The Magna Carta and the emergence of the English Parliament King John, as a result of the unsuccessful war for England with Philip II August, lost in France most of the patrimonial possessions of the Plantagenets. Therefore, contemporaries called John a derogatory nickname Landless. Military defeat, the constant extortion of “shield money” caused the subjects genuine hatred for the king. The situation was aggravated by […]...
30. Education of the Ottoman Empire Timur divided the Ottoman state among the sons of Bayazid, internecine wars began. Sultan Murad II managed to restore state unity, and the power of the country was Sultan Mehmed II, nicknamed the “Conqueror”. His cherished dream was the seizure of Constantinople. The Sultan is credited with the following words: “There must be one world […]...
31. Strengthening of royal power in France In the X century. the western part of the former empire of Charlemagne was already called, not by Gaul, but by France. But France was not a centralized state at that time. In the IX-X centuries. it was the first in Western Europe to split into a number of independent possessions – the duchies of […]...
32. The Gupta Empire in medieval India At the dawn of the Middle Ages, India was divided into many small countries of the most diverse type. The boundaries between them changed even faster than the dynasties and ruling rajas. In North India, a large state association, Magadha, was formed. It occupied the middle reaches of the Ganges River. The rise of the […]...
33. Germany in the 14th-15th centuries Germany XIV-XV centuries. was distinguished by rapid development of cities, crafts and trade. This was facilitated by the favorable location of the country – at the crossroads of international trade routes. At the beginning of the XIV century. in Germany there were about 3500 cities. However, the development of the economy was significantly hampered by […]...
34. The power of the Ottoman Empire. Mehmed II In 1451, the sultan became Mehmed II, who was nicknamed the Conqueror. He was a clever, educated, power-hungry, cruel and very insidious man. Mehmed II mastered in 1453 Constantinople, made it the capital of his state and renamed Istanbul. In Istanbul there lived not only Turks, but also Greeks, Armenians, Jews and representatives of other […]...
35. The first states of the Western Slavs. The emergence of the Slavic script Western Slavs – Czechs, Poles, Slovaks – come from the Slavic tribes who settled north of the Danube to the Baltic and Elbe. The Slavic community of the Balkan Peninsula became the basis for the formation of the southern Slavs: Bulgarians, Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, etc. The first state of the Western Slavs was formed to […]...
36. Christianization of Europe At the end of the IV century. the emperors Constantine I and Theodosius I turned the Roman Empire into Christianity. At the same time, some barbarian tribes on the territory of the empire became Christians. At the end of the 5th c. baptized Francs, later – Visigoths, tribes of the Iberian Peninsula, Lombards, separate tribes […]...
37. Clergy in the Middle Ages Medieval man was deeply convinced that the most important thing in his life was a relationship with God, and care for the salvation of the souls of Christians was just the responsibility of the clergy. Therefore, an exceptionally important, much more weighty, than fulfilling any other duties, was God’s belonging to a spiritual dignity. The […]...
38. Mr. Veliky Novgorod Vladimir-Suzdal princes tried to extend their power to the entire North-East Russia, but could not conquer the Novgorodians. Novgorod is situated on the Volkhov River. It was inhabited by colonists, trappers, fishermen, warriors-traders-people of restless disposition. They carried out hunting raids and military raids on eastern lands – up to the White Sea and the […]...
39. “Magna Carta”. King John the Landless Henry II left his heirs strong royal power. But right after his death they faced serious challenges. The war with France, England, in the end, lost. The scapegoats for this and other setbacks were made by the barons of John the Landless, the youngest son of Henry II. This king, as luck would have, quarreled […]...
40. The peasantry in medieval Europe On the third place in the medieval theory of the three classes are “those who work”, that is, the peasants. At the turn of the X-XI centuries. The land was already cultivated by mostly dependent peasants. There are several ways that peasants turned out depending on the feudal lord. With the development of feudal society, […]...