Pre-Islamic Paganism

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1. Allah and Muhammad There was a man who was not afraid of the Meccan merchant class. It was Mohammed. He was born in Mecca around 570. Early orphaned. At the age of 25, I married a rich widow Khadija, who helped to lead the trade and who became his true companion for life. When Muhammad was about 40 […]...
2. The Arabian Peninsula and its population Peninsula Arabia, an area of ​​3 million square meters. km, has long been populated by Arabs. The main territory of Arabia consists of deserts, semi-deserts and dry steppes. And only small plots of land are suitable for cultivation. Natural conditions have caused the division of Arabia into several regions, and its population – to sedentary […]...
3. Muhammad and the rise of Islam In the V-VI centuries. among the population of Arabia there is a tendency to overcome tribal fragmentation and create a single Arab state. It found expression and preaching the worship of God alone. Preachers of the same faith began to appear in different parts of Arabia. In Mecca, Muhammad, who was born in the Quraysh […]...
4. Arabia and the Arabs The Arab conquests of the 7th-8th centuries. closely tied the Christian West and the Islamic world, the relations between which were not easy. Christians and Muslims had plenty of work among themselves, but at the same time they established peaceful trade and exchanged cultural achievements. The creators of Islam were Arabs – Arabs. The Arabian […]...
5. What is the difference between ideals and idols Ideal and idol – as similar in sound these words! But what are different, even in some way opposite in meaning. How great the creative influence of ideals is, the influence of idols is just as destructive. The ideal (translated from Greek – the ideal image, idea) determines the way people think, act, awakens the […]...
6. Biography of Mohammed Abul-Qasim Muhammad is a prophet, a preacher, a messenger of Allah, to whom God gave the book holy to all Muslims – the Koran. He is the founder of Islam, the creator of the first Muslim community. Muhammad was born in Mecca supposedly in 571 AD. The boy lost both parents, and from the age […]...
7. Hinduism is the religion of India In medieval India, Buddhism gave way to a much simpler and more accessible religion – Hinduism. Why did this happen? First of all, because Buddhism denied caste inequality and thus came into conflict with the whole of Indian reality. Hinduism is at the same time a religion and a great many religions. There are hundreds […]...
8. Religious life and customs of medieval India At the beginning of our era, Buddhism in India is declining. During the VIII-XII centuries. Hinduism comes to replace it, That has established itself as a state religion. Among the many gods in Hinduism, the most respected are Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva. They constitute the “Trimurti” – the triad of the main gods. In the […]...
9. Monarchy, kings. Charlemagne Settled on the territory of the Roman Empire, the Germans found there a more perfect than theirs, the state system, their leaders liked the powerful power of the emperors. But the German kings, future kings, could not immediately abandon the people’s congregation and the council of elders. To create a state with strong power, the […]...
10. The unification of the Arabs and the beginning of the Muslim conquests With the death of Muhammad, the question arose of his successor. Since, according to the teachings of Islam, there could be no other prophets after Muhammad, the new head of the Muslim community and the Arab state received the title of Khalif, which means “deputy prophet.” The first caliphs were elected from the companions and […]...
11. Who are idols and idols The desire to have an ideal by which one can compare one’s own actions is sometimes so strong that a person begins to feverishly search for the ideal person in the immediate environment. Perhaps you also heard one of the girls, enthusiastically talking about the TV show, concludes: “This artist is my ideal.” It also […]...
12. Caliphate in the days of the Umayyads and Abbasids In the second half of the VII century. As a result of the quarrels between supporters of Caliph Ali, Mohammed’s son-in-law, and representatives of the strong Meccan clan of the Umayyads, Islam split. In 661, Caliph Ali was killed. The throne was taken by a native of the Umayyad family, Syria’s deputy Mu’awiyah. He became […]...
13. Baptism of Russia In remote prehistoric times, the Slavs worshiped pagan gods, but at the end of the first millennium Christianity spread in Russia. Ancient manuscripts, which speak about the most important facts of history, or ancient chronicles, indicate that 988 is the year of the baptism of Rus. In Kiev, on a high mountain on the banks […]...
14. The Spiritual World of Northern European Nations in the Middle Ages The Scandinavians were pagans. Their mythology is a collection of stories about the warlike gods who lived in Asgard – the Scandinavian Olympus. In Asgard, three major gods dominated – One, Thor and Freyr. The Supreme God was One – the god of war and wisdom. He was one-eyed, because he gave the second eye […]...
15. Myths of Scandinavia. Runes The languages ​​of the Germanic tribes of Northern Europe were similar. Often, the languages ​​of neighboring tribes were mixed, so their grammar was simplified. This explains why the current English grammar is simpler than the grammar of other European peoples. The peoples of Northern Europe have a single written language, a single alphabet – the […]...
16. Culture of the Arab world of the Middle Ages The culture of the countries of the caliphate is predominantly called the Arab one. This is not entirely correct, because it also included the culture of the Syrians, the Egyptians, the Iranians, the peoples of Central Asia. However, the language of this culture was Arabic, and the unifying element was Islam. In addition, the Arabs […]...
17. Teaching and education in Byzantium In Byzantium, the career of an official was considered prestigious. It required a certain degree of education, which encouraged young people to learn. Education was not available to everyone, since there were few state schools, only clergy used to prepare church and monasteries, and private ones were paid. In addition, books were a luxury, not […]...
18. Basic dates and facts on the history of the Middle Ages Main dates on the history of the Middle Ages 395 The division of the Roman Empire into the Eastern and Western 476 The demise of the Roman Empire 486 Foundation of the Frankish Kingdom 610 Beginning of sermons by Mohammed 622 Relocation of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina 732 The Battle of Poitiers – the […]...
19. Summary of Al Issa A few centuries before the birth of Christ in the heart of Hindustan there was a strong, albeit a small number of people. His name has already been blotted out of history, but the zealous guardians of the legends say that this people conquered all of Hindustan. The people worshiped this woman – the goddess […]...
20. Composition on the theme of MY idiot I think that almost all people in the world are admired by someone. This is especially true among young people. Many of them have idols. They try to look and behave like them. This is useful when a person imitates someone with positive qualities or someone who has done a lot of good and decent. […]...
21. Foros lighthouse Alexander the Great, conquering the world, laid many cities. He founded Alexandria at Issus, Alexandria on the Tigris, Alexandria of the Caucasus, Alexandria Krainyu (modern city of Leninabad), Alexandria Arian (present Herat) and many others, and in 332 BC. e. and Alexandria of Egypt. Today’s Alexandria has more than two million inhabitants, it stretches for […]...
22. The blockade of Leningrad For eight hundred and seventy-two days the inhabitants of Leningrad were in captivity of hunger. He killed many, made some stronger. The feat of both of them became a tragic page in the history of the patronymic. The composition “The Blockade of Leningrad” is a tribute to the memory of modern schoolchildren in the city […]...
23. The coastline of Eurasia The coasts of Eurasia are strongly dissected. The length of the coastline of Eurasia is more than 2.5 times longer than the Earth’s equator. Near the coast of the mainland there are large sea areas. In the Atlantic Ocean – the Northern, Norwegian, Baltic, Mediterranean, Black, Sea of ​​Azov. In the Arctic – Barents. Karskoe, […]...
24. Culture of medieval India In medieval India, natural sciences developed, especially mathematics, astronomy, medicine. The Indians are the creators of the “Arabic numerals”, which all mathematicians now use. Our school arithmetic is also of Indian origin. Long-standing Indian methods of healing with medicinal herbs are studied by modern medics. Sanskrit-speaking literature developed. Lyrical works and plays of the great […]...
25. Composition “Love of books” On the usefulness of reading informative tells the reader an essay on the theme “The book is my friend”. In the pages of favorite works we meet our heroes, who conquer our imagination with the strength of body and spirit, with mental abilities and with an unordinary philosophy of life. In an effort to imitate […]...
26. The Painting by Polenov “Christ and the Sinner” The artist believed that the main purpose of his work was to show people that good, forgiveness of the neighbor and light feelings are the main thing that a person should cherish in himself. We see in the picture a famous biblical scene. When Christ saw that the crowd wanted to stone the offending woman […]...
27. Features of Hemingway’s style Literary critics refer Hemingway to realistic writers. Defining the task of the master of the word, the great American wrote: “… It is always to write truthfully, and comprehend the truth, to express it so that it enters the reader’s consciousness as part of his own experience.” It was truthfulness that became the basis of […]...
28. What are the moral foundations of world religions Throughout centuries of history, people in different parts of the world professed a variety of beliefs. Remember, for example, from the course of world history, who are Amon-Ra, Vishnu, Zeus, Osiris, Shamash, Poseidon, Confucius, Buddha… Over time, people have changed their religious beliefs. So, our ancestors – the Eastern Slavs – were hundreds of years […]...
29. Summary of Sifocles’ Antigone The tragedy of Antigone is a direct confirmation of the Greek saying: “Above all else in human life is the law, and the unwritten law is higher than written.” In order to regret the weak, honor the gods, respect and love your loved ones, you do not need to issue a law. Each person is […]...
30. Deserts and semi-deserts of Eurasia In the most remote from the oceans parts of Central Asia and the Arabian Peninsula, where precipitation is a rarity, a zone of deserts and semideserts stretches. It lies in the continental climatic regions of temperate, subtropical and tropical belts. The largest deserts of the temperate zone are the Karakum, Kyzylkum, Takla-Makan and Gobi. Here, […]...
31. Chivalry. “Those who are at war” The second dominant estate in medieval Europe was the feudal lords. All feudal lords were considered knights, that is, warriors-horsemen. Element of the knights were wars. When the war was over, the knights, in anticipation of the next, showed their strength and courage in the Tournaments and on the hunt with the falcon. Knights from […]...
32. Arboretum “Sofiyivka” The beauty of Sofiyivka was created by the work of hundreds of nameless masters – the peasants of Uman’shchina. Even such a “miracle” as the island of Love, which looks natural, harmoniously complementing the landscape, is man-made. The island was poured by hand, its banks, as well as the banks of the pond, were fortified […]...
33. Family tree It has long been our belief that the life of all people on Earth – the past and the modern generations – forms the gigantic Tree of the Kind. We all also know the biblical story of how the Lord created the first people on earth. Our ancestors believed that the tree of the human […]...
34. In a healthy body healthy mind “In a healthy body healthy mind”. The meaning of this proverb is often understood today so that, since the body is healthy, then the spirit in it, of course, is healthy. Or vice versa: a healthy spirit can not be in an unhealthy body. It turns out that physically healthy people should always have a […]...
35. Culture of North-Eastern Russia XIII-XV centuries Literacy in North-Eastern Russia in the XIII-XV centuries. Special distribution has not received. In the monasteries and at the prince’s court they copied books, which were beautifully decorated. Wrote on parchment or on birch bark – birch. In the XIV century. in Russia there was a cheap paper. Russian travelers described Constantinople, and the Tver […]...
36. The Baptism of Rus and its meaning The beginning of the reign of Vladimir Svyatoslavich. Protection of Russia from the nomads. After the death of Svyatoslav in Kiev, a quarrel broke out between his sons. In the course of it, Oleg and Yaropolk perished, and the power in 980 was captured by Vladimir, who had ruled before in Novgorod. Vladimir went down […]...
37. What does nature mean in my life? We live on the fourth floor. The windows of our apartment face the courtyard, which is densely planted with poplars. Most poplars are old, planted after the war. All these poplars are good, but in the beginning of summer they cause a lot of inconvenience. Pooh from them penetrates even into the rooms, flies into […]...
38. Summary “Icarus” Daedalus, a descendant of Erechtheus, the ancient Athenian king, was the greatest and most talented sculptor, artist and architect of Athens. He built magnificent buildings and carved marble beautiful statues that looked like living. Previously, the Greeks depicted people who looked like stuffed dolls with their eyes closed. Daedalus taught them how to carve out […]...
39. The Summary of Theogony, or About the Origins of the Gods Hesiod Theogony, or On the origin of the gods Everybody knows: Greek mythology is first and foremost a lot of names. This is for us; and for the Greeks themselves there were even more. Almost every town or village had its own local deities; and even about those who were common, in every city they […]...
40. Normans in the Middle Ages The Scandinavian peninsula is almost 2,000 km deep in Europe. Long ago it was inhabited by the northern Germanic tribes, which in Western Europe were called Normans, that is, “people of the North”. Of these, Danes, Swedes and Norwegians separated, who later formed their states. Most of the Scandinavian Peninsula was occupied by forests and […]...