Castles in medieval Europe

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1. Feudal castle in medieval Europe At the end of IX c. in Europe, the construction of feudal castles begins. They were built not only by rich lords, but also by middle-class feudal lords. The massive construction of the castles was predetermined by constant invasions of enemies. Usually the castle was built on a hill or on a high bank, from […]...
2. The peasantry in medieval Europe On the third place in the medieval theory of the three classes are “those who work”, that is, the peasants. At the turn of the X-XI centuries. The land was already cultivated by mostly dependent peasants. There are several ways that peasants turned out depending on the feudal lord. With the development of feudal society, […]...
3. Housing and household utensils in medieval Europe The general appearance of housing and household utensils indicated the occupation and the status of the owners. The type of housing was influenced by geographical conditions. People then lived predominantly in the countryside. The villages, large and small, were located near the castle. In the mountainous areas, peasants could settle in hamlets. The peasant houses […]...
4. Transport and communication in medieval Europe Medieval people – knights, merchants, artisans, monks, pilgrims – was in constant motion. They moved slowly enough, because then the vehicles did not develop a great speed. There were three types of transport: land, river and sea. The development of land transport was influenced by the condition of roads. Even the ancient Romans built a […]...
5. Technical and engineering achievements of medieval Europe The world of things surrounded by a medieval man was created primarily by hand. The technique was introduced slowly, first in handicraft production – thanks to the appearance of cities and the development of metallurgy. It was in the manufacturing industry that the first mechanisms appeared, which were set in motion either by the man […]...
6. Clothing and footwear in medieval Europe Medieval Europeans dressed warmer than the Romans, because the climate in Europe was colder, besides, the church considered the body “sinful” and demanded to carefully cover it. Europeans managed only with outer clothing. The main details were a linen shirt, short pants, a top shirt, a raincoat. Gradually it became fashionable to wear thick stockings […]...
7. Strengthening of royal power in Europe Feudal disunity in Europe could not last forever because it quickly fed everyone. The unending feuds between the great feudal lords, with shaky royalty, cost the society dearly, because they were waged by the devastation and blood. Tired of them all – and the small and medium feudal lords, townspeople, and peasants. Many were convinced […]...
8. The role of religion and church in the life of medieval Europe In the life of the peoples of medieval Europe, the church played an exceptionally important role. She defined the life of a person from his birth to death, “kept him in constant fear for the fate of his soul after death.” Under the control of the church were not only the lower social classes, but […]...
9. Architecture and art of medieval Europe. Romance and Gothic styles At the beginning of the Middle Ages, construction was so launched that the then masters were forced to study the architectural achievements of the ancient Romans. As a consequence, in the X century. Romanian architectural style begins to form in Western Europe. This was the first pan-European style that spread in the 11th-12th centuries. Christians […]...
10. Trade and usury in medieval Europe Trade and craft were the economic basis of medieval cities. For a large part of the population this was the main occupation. In the XI-XV centuries. foreign, as well as transit, trade, which concentrated primarily in the two main European regions, developed significantly. One was the area of ​​the Mediterranean, where the trade routes that […]...
11. Population and appearance of the cities of medieval Europe The composition of the population of the medieval city was extremely heterogeneous. The craftsmen prevailed in it, who themselves sold their own products, combining in one person an artisan and a merchant. Most of the urban population was involved in the service sector. They belonged to hairdressers, owners of inns, laborers, servants, etc. In large […]...
12. Kamenetz-Podolsky fortress. Secrets of the Castles of the 15th-16th centuries 1. What is the strongest fortress in Ukraine? An outstanding monument of the defensive architecture of Ukraine is the Kamenetz-Podolsk fortress. The complex of its structures on the high rocky bank of the Smotrych River was formed over the centuries. The fortress was one of the most impregnable defensive structures of Podillia. The Turkish traveler […]...
13. Transport and communications in medieval Europe Although the royal authority also cared about the construction of roads, without which it was impossible to reliably manage the state, the road network in medieval Europe was disgusting. Cobbled roads were a rarity. The majority of the roads of that time are ordinary paths traversed through fields and meadows and laid in forest thickets. […]...
14. Universities of medieval Europe On the basis of several good schools there were universities. The first universities appeared in the XII century. in Bologna and Paris. Later, universities also appeared in other countries: Oxford and Cambridge in England, Salamansky in Spain, Prague in the Czech Republic, Krakowski in Poland, etc. At the end of the 15th century, in Europe […]...
15. The origin of art in medieval Europe. Cultural centers Medieval cities became the cultural centers of Europe. Urban literature – verse novels, fables, rude jokes, etc. – amazed with its spontaneity and truthful portrayal of emotional experiences. She ridiculed greed and ignorance of the clergy, arrogance of nobles, other vices of society. Her favorite character was not a knight in love, but a cheerful […]...
16. Schools of medieval Europe The first educational institutions of the Middle Ages were monastery, parafial and cathedral schools. However, they usually taught only one teacher, or a master, as his contemporaries called it. He passed the entire course of study with every schoolboy. In schools, students studied “seven free arts.” It was a system of objects, from two levels. […]...
17. Judicial power in medieval Europe Medieval Europe lived by written laws. At the dawn of the Middle Ages in the territory of the former Roman Empire, the court was carried out according to the collections of laws – barbaric “truths”. The “truths” clearly reflected the legal inequality of various social groups. Romanesque population adhered to the norms of Roman Law, […]...
18. Burgerry in medieval Europe The townspeople were divided into burghers and non-burghers. By Burghers from the XI-XIII centuries. called full-fledged townspeople who elected and could be elected to the organs of city government. Only one who had a mansion or a workshop in the city became a Burgess. All other townspeople belonged to the non-burghers: servants of burghers, apprentices, […]...
19. The appearance of medieval towns In the X-XIII centuries. in Europe, like mushrooms after the rain, cities grew – special, not similar to the Roman, or, even more so, modern. First they appeared in Italy, later – in Southern France, even later – in the north of France, in the Netherlands, England, Germany, the countries of Scandinavia, Ireland, Hungary, the […]...
20. Weapons and military equipment in medieval Europe In the Middle Ages, people almost all their lives were associated with weapons. Freedom and honor, home and wealth were not simply protected by legal clauses. For many centuries, the destinies of people were resolved through fights, battles, uprisings, riots, conspiracies, tribal and personal conflicts. All this contributed to the intensive development of weapons business. […]...
21. Food and drink in medieval Europe Food in the Middle Ages was fairly monotonous. Simple people – peasants and artisans – often ate rye bread, porridge, beans, turnips, cabbage or cereals, seasoned with onion and garlic. Traditional daily drinks were tinctures of forest berries, herbs, beer and wine. Meat spruce is rare, mainly for holidays. Occasionally used and dairy products. Quite […]...
22. The emergence of medieval Europe. Roman and barbarian worlds in the middle of the first millennium Medieval Europe arose on the ruins of the Roman Empire not immediately, but for several centuries. It was formed as a result of the invasion of barbarian tribes, and above all Germanic tribes. These invasions completed the long process of unification of the Roman and barbarian worlds. How could these unlinky worlds come together, which […]...
23. Clothing, footwear and jewelry in medieval Europe The clothing of people of the early Middle Ages was surprisingly monotonous. There were no big differences in the clothes of a nobleman and peasant, male and female clothes. It was based on short trousers and a linen shirt to the knees. Also put on another top shirt made of dense fabric, just below the […]...
24. City culture of medieval Europe In medieval cities, a democratic secular culture was born and formed, closely related to folk art. Most brightly it manifested itself in the urban literature created by the national language, not Latin. From time immemorial, amusing entertaining stories, fables, parables were popular among the people, which were literally processed during the heyday of the cities. […]...
25. Revival of trade in Europe in the 11th-15th centuries With the advent of cities in Europe in the XI-XV centuries. trade revived. It was the cities that formed the local market. Sometimes the cities were united in trade unions, the most powerful of which became in the XIII-XIV centuries. The Hansa. The Hansa included almost 80 cities of Northern Germany, the Baltic states and […]...
26. The village in medieval Europe. The peasants Medieval Europe lived mainly at the expense of agriculture. Agriculture up to the XIX century. was primitive, the technique was not used. The tools of labor remained great-great. The earth loosened up somehow, it was not fertilized, nevertheless they wanted it to yield a good harvest. Of course, under such conditions, the yields were extremely […]...
27. Agriculture in medieval Europe Medieval Europe was quite clearly divided into two agricultural zones: 1) southern, Mediterranean, where the ancient traditions of ancient farming remained, and 2) a temperate climate zone located north of the Alpine mountains. In the south, the main grain crop was wheat. They also sowed barley, grew legumes, grapes, olives. Bread sowed under the winter: […]...
28. Strengthening of royal power in medieval France In 987, after the death of King Louis V of Lazy, the rule of the Carolingian dynasty ceased. The rulers of the duchies and counties elected a new king. He became a representative of the genus Robertinov – Count Hugo Capet. He was nicknamed the monastic hood, which was worn as a secular abbot of […]...
29. The emergence of medieval towns In the X-XI centuries. there is a revival of old and the emergence of new urban centers. This was predetermined by important economic processes, primarily the development of agriculture. During this period, the Bipolis spread, the production of grain and industrial crops increased, gardening, viticulture, gardening, livestock breeding developed. Surpluses of agricultural production peasants have […]...
30. Medieval heresies. The Inquisition The church became very rich. The higher clergy bathed in luxury, the laity called for living in poverty. For many, this provoked a protest. XII century. From a revelatory speech against the shortcomings of the bishops A former monk… received a diocese… He in two years, like a hungry boar, overgrown with fat. Once it […]...
31. House in medieval Europe. Description The medieval people lived in houses that lacked the conveniences that were usual for us. In the cold season, they were heated with a fire, the smoke from which came out either through a hood over the fireplace, or through windows and a hole in the roof. Expensive glass was used almost exclusively in church […]...
32. Entertainment and leisure for children in medieval Europe In the folk festivals – for example, noisy processions of mummers – children took part. But there were boys and girls and their children’s games and entertainment, which are partly preserved to this day. The girls played with dolls. The boys preferred mobile games, especially the game of knights and squires. So they prepared themselves […]...
33. Life and leisure of citizens in medieval Europe. Burgers In the life of the urban lower classes, the features of peasant life and customs were preserved. Another thing – the life of rich burghers. The burghers increasingly preferred comfort and luxury, but did not show them off. Their houses they furnished with solid furniture. The life of a rich burgher hardly differed from the […]...
34. “The onslaught on the East.” German Crusades against the Slavs XII-XIII centuries German feudal lords did not receive anything in the Muslim East in the Crusades. Aspirations to increase their possessions they lacked – Germany seemed to them close. Therefore, while the emperors fought with Italy and quarreled with the popes, the feudal lords carried out an “onslaught on the East” – populated the lands in the […]...
35. Slavs in medieval Europe. The influence of Byzantium on the Slavic culture An important role in the history of medieval Europe was played by the Slavs. They settled in Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe and were divided into western, eastern and southern. Slavic tribes lived during their stay and in the north of Europe – in the basin of the river. Laba, and on the Baltic coast. […]...
36. The death of the empire of Charlemagne, the formation of the states of medieval Europe Charlemagne died in 814 and the throne passed to his son Louis the Pious. However, soon three sons of Louis pious Karl Lysy, Louis German and Lothar – began to seek from the father of the partition of the empire. In order to calm them down, Louis the Pious in 817 divided the empire between […]...
37. The picture of the world and the way of life of a medieval man For each historical era, its perceptions and understanding of the environment are characteristic. In the Middle Ages, uneducated people relied on rumors, received knowledge from the stories of the elders of the role, legends and retellings. Sometimes it was difficult for them to tell the truth from fictions and fables. Little was known about other […]...
38. Southern Italy and Sicily in the 11th-13th centuries The historical fate of Southern Italy and Sicily was different. These areas in the XI century. conquered the Normans, who formed the Sicilian kingdom there. The feudal nobility in the kingdom existed, but the kings held it under their control. At the beginning of the XIII century. The Sicilian kingdom was given to Frederick II, […]...
39. Popular uprisings in France during the Hundred Years’ War The administration of France was temporarily transferred to the eldest son of John II of the Good Dauphin Karl. He decided to introduce new taxes to arm the army and redeem King John II of Good from captivity. However, the General States did not approve of this decision, and in 1358 Paris embraced the flames […]...
40. Seniors, vassals, peasants. Feudal staircase In the Middle Ages in Europe, special, different than in the ancient world, social relations – feudal. What does this mean? Public feudal lords became feudal lords. Only they were the owners of the land. Therefore, all who used the land, depended on them. The feudal lords were not equal in rank and wealth, but […]...